{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:00:45Z","timestamp":1791100845156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To assess the influence of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) on long term outcome of inhabitants living in an area polluted by Cd. METHODS--A follow up study for 15 years (from 1974-5 to 1991) was carried out on 2408 inhabitants (amounting to 95% of the target population, 1079 men and 1329 women) of the Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. These inhabitants had been the subjects of the health impact survey in 1974-5 to evaluate (by measurement of urinary retinol binding protein (RBP)) renal dysfunction induced by Cd. Analysis of mortality was performed by dividing subjects into a urinary RBP positive (&gt; or = 4 mg\/l) group and RBP negative (&lt; 4 mg\/l) group. RESULTS--After adjustment for age with Cox's proportional hazard model, RBP &gt; or = 4 mg\/l showed a significant relation to mortality in both sexes. At this time, the mortality risk ratio of the RBP positive to negative group was 1.71 in the men and 1.42 in the women. When the SMRs according to causes of deaths in the RBP positive group were compared with those of the RBP negative group or the overall Japanese population increases of SMR for cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure, and renal diseases were found in both sexes. CONCLUSION--These results suggest that the prognosis of the exposed inhabitants with renal tubular dysfunction is unfavourable, and these increases of mortality are due to heart failure and renal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.3.181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"181-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Mortality of inhabitants in an area polluted by cadmium: 15 year follow up."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Nishijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Tabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Senma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Takahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Kawano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Mizukoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Epidemiological studies","volume-title":"Cadmium studies in Japan. A review","author":"Tsuchiya, K.; Shigematu, Sakurai H.; I.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tsuchiya K, Sakurai H. Shigematu I, et al. Epidemiological studies. In: Tsuchiya K, ed. Cadmium studies in Japan. A review. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1978: 133-267."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01608585","article-title":"Mortality study of inhabitants in a cadmium-polluted area","volume":"38","author":"Nakagawa, H.; Kawano, S.; Okumura, T.; Fujita, T.; Nishi, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Kawano S, Okumura T, Fujita T, Nishi M. Mortality study of inhabitants in a cadmium-polluted area. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1987;38:553-60.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1993.10545965","article-title":"Urinary P,-microglobulin concentration and mortality in a cadmium-polluted area","volume":"48","author":"Nakagawa, H.; Nishijo, M.; Morikawa, Y.; Tabata, M.; Senma, M.; Kitagawa, Y.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Nishijo M, Morikawa Y, Tabata M, Senma M, Kitagawa Y, et al. Urinary P,-microglobulin concentration and mortality in a cadmium-polluted area. Arch Environ Health 1993;48:428-435.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"187","article-title":"Regression models and life tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox, DR","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (B) 1972;34:187-220.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (B)"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"384","article-title":"Standardization","volume-title":"Statistical method in medical research","author":"Armitage, A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Armitage A. Standardization. In: Armitage A, ed. Statistical method in medical research. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1985:384-91."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"155","article-title":"Some remarks on the standardized mortality ratio","volume":"36","author":"Fukutomi, K.; Hashimoto, S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fukutomi K, Hashimoto S. Some remarks on the standardized mortality ratio. Japanese Journal of Public Health 1989;36: 155-60. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(78)90095-6","article-title":"Statistical observations of the dose-response relationships of cadmium based on epidemiological studies in the Kakehashi River basin","volume":"15","author":"Nogawa, K.; Ishizaki, A.; Kawano, S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nogawa K, Ishizaki A, Kawano S. Statistical observations of the dose-response relationships of cadmium based on epidemiological studies in the Kakehashi River basin. Environ Res 1978;15:185-98.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1265\/jjh.42.964","article-title":"An epidemiological study on renal dysfunction of inhabitants in Cd-exposed areas in Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture","volume":"42","author":"Kido, T.; Honda, R.; Tsuritani, I.; Yamaya, Y.; Ishizaki, M.; Yamada, Y.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kido T, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Yamaya Y, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, et al. An epidemiological study on renal dysfunction of inhabitants in Cd-exposed areas in Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture. Japanese Journal ofHygiene 1987;42:964-72. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Japanese Journal ofHygiene"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(89)90002-4","article-title":"Dose-response relation between urinary cadmium and \/, h-microglobulin in a Japanese environmentally cadmium exposed population","volume":"58","author":"Ishizaki, M.; Kido, T.; Tsuritani, Honda H.; I, Yamada; Y, Nakagawa; H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ishizaki M, Kido T, Honda H. Tsuritani I, Yamada Y, Nakagawa H, et al. Dose-response relation between urinary cadmium and \/,h-microglobulin in a Japanese environmentally cadmium exposed population. Toxicology 1989;58:121-31.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"736","article-title":"Follow up study of renal tubular dysfunction and mortality in residents of an area polluted with cadmium","volume":"49","author":"Iwata, K.; Saito, H.; Moriyama, M.; Nakano, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Iwata K, Saito H, Moriyama M, Nakano A. Follow up study of renal tubular dysfunction and mortality in residents of an area polluted with cadmium. Br Ind Med 1992;49:736-7.","journal-title":"Br Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"A retrospective mortality study on cadmium exposed pollution in Japan","volume":"46","author":"Shigematsu, I.; Takeuchi, J.; Minowa, M.; Nagai, M.; Usui, T.; Fukushima, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shigematsu I, Takeuchi J, Minowa M, Nagai M, Usui T, Fukushima M, et al. A retrospective mortality study on cadmium exposed pollution in Japan. Kankyo Hoken Report 1980;46: 1-71. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Kankyo Hoken Report"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"118","article-title":"A retrospective mortality study on cadmium-exposed pollution in Japan: an investigation of mortality rates by a pollution level in Toyama Prefecture","volume":"48","author":"Shigematsu, I.; Minowa, M.; Nagai, M.; Omura, T.; Takeuchi, K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shigematsu I, Minowa M, Nagai M, Omura T, Takeuchi K. A retrospective mortality study on cadmium-exposed pollution in Japan: an investigation of mortality rates by a pollution level in Toyama Prefecture. Kankyo Hoken Report 1982;48(suppl): 118-36. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Kankyo Hoken Report"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1990.10118747","article-title":"High mortality and shortened life-span in patients with itai-itai disease and subjects with suspected disease","volume":"45","author":"Nakagawa, H.; Tabata, M.; Morikawa, Y.; Senma, M.; Kitagawa, Y.; Kawano, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Tabata M, Morikawa Y, Senma M, Kitagawa Y, Kawano S. High mortality and shortened life-span in patients with itai-itai disease and subjects with suspected disease. Arch Environ Health 1990;45:283-7.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"77","key":"ref_14","first-page":"357","article-title":"A survey of the blood pressure of woman suspected of itai-itai disease","volume":"1969","author":"Nogawa, K.; Kawano, S.","unstructured":"Nogawa K, Kawano S. A survey of the blood pressure of woman suspected of itai-itai disease. Journal of the Juzen Medical Society 1969;77:357-63. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Journal of the Juzen Medical Society"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"540","article-title":"Prostatic cancer and chronic respiratory and renal disease in British cadmium workers: a case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Armstrong, B.G.; Kazantzis, G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Armstrong BG, Kazantzis G. Prostatic cancer and chronic respiratory and renal disease in British cadmium workers: a case-control study. BrJrInd Med 1985;42:540-5.","journal-title":"BrJrInd Med"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92368-1","article-title":"The mortality of cadmium workers","volume":"25","author":"Armstrong, B.G.; Kazantzis, G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Armstrong BG, Kazantzis G. The mortality of cadmium workers. Lancet 1983;25:1425-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91696-2","article-title":"Environmental pollution by cadmium and mortality from renal diseases","volume":"i:","author":"Lauwerys, R.; Wals, De","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lauwerys R, De Wals. Environmental pollution by cadmium and mortality from renal diseases. Lancer 1981;i: 383.","journal-title":"Lancer"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"651","article-title":"Cancer mortality of cadmium workers","volume":"42","author":"Elinder, C.G.; Kjellstrom, T.; Hogsted, C.; Andersson, K.; Spang, G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Elinder CG, Kjellstrom T, Hogsted C, Andersson K, Spang G. Cancer mortality of cadmium workers. Br Jf Ind Med 1985;42:651-5.","journal-title":"Br Jf Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.28-1637490","article-title":"Mortality and cancer morbidity among cadmium-exposed workers","volume":"28","author":"Kjellstrom, T.; Friberg, L.; Rahnster, B.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kjellstrom T, Friberg L, Rahnster B. Mortality and cancer morbidity among cadmium-exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect 1979;28: 199-204.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"325","article-title":"Mortality among a cohort of US cadmium production workers","volume":"74","author":"Thun, M.J.; Schnorr, T.M.; Smith, A.B.; Halperin, W.E.; Lemen, R.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thun MJ, Schnorr TM, Smith AB, Halperin WE, Lemen RA. Mortality among a cohort of US cadmium production workers.J Nad Cancer Inst 1985;74:325-33.","journal-title":"J Nad Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"435","article-title":"Lung cancer in a non-ferrous smelter: the role of cadmium","volume":"45","author":"Ades, A.E.; Kazantzis, G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ades AE, Kazantzis G. Lung cancer in a non-ferrous smelter: the role of cadmium. Br Ind Med 1988;45:435-44.","journal-title":"Br Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"803","article-title":"Mortality from lung cancer among a cohort of nickel cadmium battery workers: 1946-84","volume":"44","author":"Sorahan, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sorahan T. Mortality from lung cancer among a cohort of nickel cadmium battery workers: 1946-84. BrJ7 Ind Med 1987;44:803-9.","journal-title":"BrJ7 Ind Med"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.52.3.181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T13:54:42Z","timestamp":1716472482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.52.3.181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.52.3.181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.52.3.181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}}}