{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:35:01Z","timestamp":1789972501579,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: To study the relation between irregular work hours, nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. METHODS: All 3985 female members of the Swedish Midwives Association in 1989, born in 1940 or later, received a questionnaire on exposure before and during all of their pregnancies. Questions on work conditions covered occupation, extent of employment, workplace, work schedules, use of anaesthetics, and work load. The association between exposure variables and spontaneous abortion was analysed by logistic regression models. RESULTS: Night work and three shift schedules among midwives showed increased odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (95% CI)) 1.63 (0.95-2.81) and 1.49 (0.86-2.59), respectively. The ORs of late spontaneous abortions (after the 12th week of pregnancy) was increased for night work 3.33 (1.13-9.87). Use of N2O (&gt; 50% of the deliveries) was not associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion OR 0.95 (0.62-1.47). Frequent or permanent shortage of staff was related to an increased risk of spontaneous abortions before the 13th week of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that night work and high work load increase the risk of spontaneous abortion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.6.374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"374-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure, and spontaneous abortion among Swedish midwives."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Axelsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"G","family":"Ahlborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Bodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Shiftwork: effects on sleep and health with recommendations for surveillance and screening","volume":"5","author":"Scott, A.J.; LaDou, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scott AJ, LaDou J. Shiftwork: effects on sleep and health with recommendations for surveillance and screening. Occup Med 1990;5:273-99.","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy in relation to irregular and inconvenient work schedules","volume":"46","author":"Axelsson, G.; Rylander, R.; Molin, I.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Axelsson G, Rylander R, Molin I. Outcome of pregnancy in relation to irregular and inconvenient work schedules. Br 7 Ind Med 1989;46:393-8."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1980.0345","article-title":"Occupational disease in dentistry and chronic exposure to trace anesthetic gases","volume":"101","author":"Cohen, E.N.; Brown, B.W.; Wu, M.L.; Whitcher, C.E.; Brodsky, J.B.; Gift, H.C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cohen EN, Brown BW, Wu ML, Whitcher CE, Brodsky JB, Gift HC, et al. Occupational disease in dentistry and chronic exposure to trace anesthetic gases. Am J Dent Assoc 1980;101:21-31.","journal-title":"Am J Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.3.250","article-title":"Exposure to anaesthetic gases and spontaneous abortion: response bias in a postal questionnaire study","volume":"11","author":"Axelsson, G.; Rylander, R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Axelsson G, Rylander R. Exposure to anaesthetic gases and spontaneous abortion: response bias in a postal questionnaire study. IntJ Epidemiol 1982;11:250-6.","journal-title":"IntJ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"381","article-title":"Maternal occupation: effects on spontaneous abortions and malformations","volume":"1","author":"Kline, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kline J. Maternal occupation: effects on spontaneous abortions and malformations. Occup Med 1986;1:381-403.","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.44.3.202","article-title":"Use of questionnaires in a study of spontaneous abortion in a general population","volume":"44","author":"Axelsson, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Axelsson G. Use of questionnaires in a study of spontaneous abortion in a general population. J. Epidemiol Community Health 1990;44:202-4.","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.1.90","article-title":"Heavy lifting during pregnancy-a hazard to the fetus? A prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Ahlborg Jr G, Bodin L, Hogstedt C","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ahlborg Jr G, Bodin L, Hogstedt C. Heavy lifting during pregnancy-a hazard to the fetus? A prospective study. IntJ Epidemiol 1990;19:90-7.","journal-title":"IntJ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1984.tb02025.x","article-title":"Pollution of delivery ward air by nitrous oxide. Effects of various modes of room ventilation, excess and close scavenging","volume":"28","author":"Bernow, J.; Bjordahl, J.; Wiklund, K.E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bernow J, Bjordahl J, Wiklund KE. Pollution of delivery ward air by nitrous oxide. Effects of various modes of room ventilation, excess and close scavenging. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984;28: 119-23.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420370111","article-title":"Teratogen update: anesthetic agents","volume":"37","author":"Friedman, J.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Friedman JM. Teratogen update: anesthetic agents. Teratology 1988;37:69-77.","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"531","article-title":"Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants","volume":"141","author":"Rowland, A.S.; Baird, D.D.; Shore, D.L.; Weinberg, C.R.; Savitz, D.A.; Wilcox, A.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rowland AS, Baird DD, Shore DL, Weinberg CR, Savitz DA, Wilcox AJ. Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. Am Y Epidemiol 1994; 141:531-8.","journal-title":"Am Y Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Study protocol: control of anestetic gases in dental operatories","author":"McGlothin, J.D.; Jensen, P.A.; Todd, W.F.; Fischbach, T.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGlothin JD, Jensen PA, Todd WF, Fischbach TJ. Study protocol: control of anestetic gases in dental operatories. Cincinnati: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1988."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.39.2.141","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals, based on registered information of outcome","volume":"39","author":"Hemminki, K.; Kyyronen, P.; Lindbohm, M.-L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Kyyronen P, Lindbohm M-L. Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals, based on registered information of outcome. J Epidemiol Community Health 1985; 39:141-7.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"148","article-title":"Fetal death and work in pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"McDonald, A.D.; McDonald, J.C.; Armstrong, B.; Cherry, N.M.; C6te, R.; Lavoie, J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Cherry NM, C6te R, Lavoie J, et al. Fetal death and work in pregnancy. BrJt Ind Med 1988;45:148-57.","journal-title":"BrJt Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199401000-00003","article-title":"Physical exertion as a risk factor for spontaneous abortion","volume":"5","author":"Eskenazi, B.; Fenster, L.; Wight, S.; English, P.; Windham, G.; Swan, S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eskenazi B, Fenster L, Wight S, English P, Windham G, Swan S. Physical exertion as a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1994;5:6-13.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199301000-00013","article-title":"Pregnancy loss and work schedule during pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Infante-Rivard, C.; David, M.; Gauthier, R.; Rivard, G.-E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Infante-Rivard C, David M, Gauthier R, Rivard G-E. Pregnancy loss and work schedule during pregnancy. Epidemiology 1993;4:73-5.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.53.6.374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T14:26:45Z","timestamp":1716474405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.53.6.374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.53.6.374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.53.6.374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]}}}