{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:19:04Z","timestamp":1760548744227},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine the relation between concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in rice and urinary concentrations of indicators of renal dysfunction and the prevalence of abnormalities in urine in areas polluted by Cd. (2) To establish the maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice from these findings. METHODS: The target population consisted of 1703 inhabitants (832 men and 871 women) aged over 50 years who consumed home grown rice and had lived in the same hamlet in areas polluted by Cd in the Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan for at least 30 years. The correlation coefficients between concentrations of Cd in rice and several urinary substances, the prevalence of abnormalities in urine and sex in hamlets polluted by Cd were calculated. Finally, regression analysis was performed for significant indicators to calculate the maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice based on values in a control group. CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlations between concentration of Cd in rice and concentrations of urinary beta 2-microglobulin, metallothionein, glucose, and aminonitrogen were established. Similarly, there were significant correlations between concentration of Cd in rice and the prevalence of beta 2-microglobulinuria, metallothioneinuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, proteinuria with glucosuria, and aminonitrogenuria. The highest maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice calculated for these indicators was 0.34 ppm\/l and 0.29 ppm\/g creatinine. Both values are lower than 0.4 ppm, the tentative limit prescribed by the Japanese government.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.10.750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"750-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Concentration of cadmium in rice and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Nogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"217 24","key":"ref_1","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on renal failure of inhabitants in \"itai-itai\" disease endemic district","volume":"22","author":"Fukushima, M.; Ishizaki, A.; Sakamoto, M.; Nogawa, K.; Kobayashi, E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fukushima M, Ishizaki A, Sakamoto M, Nogawa K, Kobayashi E. Epidemiological studies on renal failure of inhabitants in \"itai-itai\" disease endemic district. (Part 2) Observations on urinary abnormalities and cadmium excretion of the inhabitants selected for the close examination of \"Itaiitai\" disease. Japanese Journal of Public Health 1975;22:217 24. (Abstract in English.)","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Public Health; Observations on urinary abnormalities and cadmium excretion of the inhabitants selected for the close examination of \"Itaiitai\" disease"},{"issue":"123 33","key":"ref_2","article-title":"An epidemiological study on the health effects of environmental cadmium. (Part 1) Some urinary findings by sex and age","volume":"29","author":"Kobayashi, E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kobayashi E. An epidemiological study on the health effects of environmental cadmium. (Part 1) Some urinary findings by sex and age. Japanese Journal of Public Health 1982;29:123 33. 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Environ Res 1979;18:410-20.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(89)80080-5","article-title":"A dose-response analysis of cadmium in the general environment with special reference to total cadmium intake limit","volume":"48","author":"Nogawa, K.; Honda, R.; Kido, T.; Tsuritani, I.; Yamada, Y.; Ishizaki, M.; Yamaya, H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nogawa K, Honda R, Kido T, Tsuritani I, Yamada Y, Ishizaki M, Yamaya H. A dose-response analysis of cadmium in the general environment with special reference to total cadmium intake limit. Environ Res 1989;48:7-16.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metallothionein in plasma and urine of cadmium-exposed rats determined by a single antibody radioimmunoassay","volume":"1","author":"Tohyama, C.; Shaikh, Z.A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tohyama C, Shaikh ZA. 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Lancet 1990;336:669-702.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.54.10.750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T16:24:28Z","timestamp":1716481468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.54.10.750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.54.10.750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.54.10.750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}}}