{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:12:19Z","timestamp":1790259139486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: To determine, in a population based study, the influence of occupational factors on the occurrence of shoulder pain and disability. METHODS: A random sample of patients was selected from the register of a general practice in the Greater Manchester area of the United Kingdom. Information was collected by a posted questionnaire with specific enquiries about symptoms in the shoulder region and related disability. A lifetime occupational history was obtained including physical exposures, working conditions, and psychosocial aspects of each workplace. Analysis has been conducted as a case-control study, comparing occupational exposures at the time of onset of symptoms in those with shoulder pain and disability with corresponding occupational exposures in those without shoulder pain and disability. RESULTS: An increased risk of shoulder pain and disability in men was associated with carrying weights on one shoulder (relative risk (RR) 5.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.8 to 17), whereas those who reported working with hands above shoulder level, using wrists or arms in a repetitive way, or stretching down to reach below knee level had about twice the risk of shoulder pain and disability. Men working frequently in very cold or damp conditions had a fourfold and sixfold risk respectively of shoulder pain and disability. Reporting of shoulder pain and disability was also more common among men and women who reported that their work caused a lot of stress (RR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9 to 4.1) or was very monotonous (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.4). The relations between physical exposures, working conditions, and psychosocial factors were independent. CONCLUSIONS: This population based study has shown that physical activities carried out at work, the physical conditions under which the work is conducted, psychosocial aspects of work, or the working environment are all independently related to the occurrence of shoulder symptoms and disability, emphasising the multifactorial nature of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.5.316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,17]],"date-time":"2008-12-17T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1229472888000},"page":"316-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Occupational factors related to shoulder pain and disability."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"D P","family":"Pope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P R","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C M","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Silman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G J","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Among both men and women, a job that was reported as stressful had about double the risk, and one reported as monotonous had about three times the risk of shoulder pain. Stress at work has been reported in cross sectional studies to be associated with the occurrence of shoulder or neck symptoms,\"5 1819 and in two longitudinal studies to be predictive of future symptoms,2021 whereas other studies have failed to find a relation.22 24 The most consistent associations with symptoms in the shoulder region have been reported","author":"with","unstructured":"Among both men and women, a job that was reported as stressful had about double the risk, and one reported as monotonous had about three times the risk of shoulder pain. Stress at work has been reported in cross sectional studies to be associated with the occurrence of shoulder or neck symptoms,\"5 1819 and in two longitudinal studies to be predictive of future symptoms,2021 whereas other studies have failed to find a relation.22 24 The most consistent associations with symptoms in the shoulder region have been reported with"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(89)80041-X","article-title":"The roles of work and of working in disorders of the upper extremity","volume":"3","author":"Hadler, N.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hadler NM. The roles of work and of working in disorders of the upper extremity. Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol 1989;3: 121-41.","journal-title":"Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.6.574","article-title":"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal impairments and associated disability","volume":"74","author":"Cunningham, L.S.; Kelsey, J.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cunningham LS, Kelsey JL. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal impairments and associated disability. Am J Public Health 1984;74:574-9.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"The prevalence of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders in industry [PhD","author":"Silverstein, B.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Silverstein BA. The prevalence of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders in industry [PhD thesis]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1985."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967931","article-title":"Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature","volume":"36","author":"Sommerich, C.M.; McGlothlin, J.D.; Marras, W.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sommerich CM, McGlothlin JD, Marras WS. Occupational risk factors associated with soft tissue disorders of the shoulder: a review of recent investigations in the literature. Ergonomics 1993;36:697-717.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1470","article-title":"Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease","volume":"19","author":"Bongers, P.M.; de Winter, C.R.; Kompier, M.A.J.; Hildebrandt, V.H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bongers PM, de Winter CR, Kompier MAJ, Hildebrandt VH. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. ScandJ Work Environ Health 1993;19:297-312.","journal-title":"ScandJ Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Disablement in the community","author":"Patrick, D.L.; Peach, H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Patrick DL, Peach H. Disablement in the community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.8.525","article-title":"Measurement of shoulder related disability: results of a validation study","volume":"53","author":"Croft, P.R.; Pope, D.; Zonca, M.; O'Neill, T.; Silman, A.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Croft PR, Pope D, Zonca M, O'Neill T, Silman AJ. Measurement of shoulder related disability: results of a validation study. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:525-8.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00009","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of low back pain in the general population: evidence from the South Manchester back pain survey","volume":"20","author":"Papageorgiou, A.C.; Croft, P.R.; Ferry, S.; Jayson, M.I.V.; Silman, A.J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Papageorgiou AC, Croft PR, Ferry S, Jayson MIV, Silman AJ. Estimating the prevalence of low back pain in the general population: evidence from the South Manchester back pain survey. Spine 1995;20:1889-94.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.2.464","article-title":"Odds ratio and relative risk for cross-sectional data","volume":"24","author":"Osborne, J.; Cattaruzza, M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Osborne J, Cattaruzza M. Odds ratio and relative risk for cross-sectional data. IntJ_ Epidemiol 1995;24:464-5.","journal-title":"IntJ_ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Stata reference manual: release 3 1","author":"Corporation, Stata","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stata Corporation. Stata reference manual: release 3 1 6th ed. College Station, Texas: Stata, 1993.","edition":"6th ed"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"814","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders among letter carriers","volume":"25","author":"Wells, J.A.; Zipp, J.F.; Schuette, P.T.; McEleney, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wells JA, Zipp JF, Schuette PT, McEleney J. Musculoskeletal disorders among letter carriers. J Occup Med 1983;25:814-20.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"602","article-title":"Prevalence rates and odds ratios of shoulder-neck diseases in different occupational groups","volume":"44","author":"Hagberg, M.; Wegman, D.H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hagberg M, Wegman DH. Prevalence rates and odds ratios of shoulder-neck diseases in different occupational groups. BrJ Ind Med 1987;44:602-10.","journal-title":"BrJ Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206000-00006","article-title":"Low back pain and neckl\/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: relationship to neck and shoulder pain","volume":"17","author":"Hoimstrom, E.B.; Lindell, J.; Moritz, U.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoimstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Low back pain and neckl\/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Spine 1992;17:672-7.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700190111","article-title":"Workplace ergonomic factors and the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limbs: a meta analysis","volume":"19","author":"Stock, SR","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stock SR. Workplace ergonomic factors and the development of musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limbs: a meta analysis. AmJ Ind Med 1991;19:87-107.","journal-title":"AmJ Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in a manufacturing industry with special attention to occupational shoulder disorders","author":"Kvarnstrom, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kvarnstrom S. Occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in a manufacturing industry with special attention to occupational shoulder disorders. Scand J Rehabil Med 1983; (suppl8): 1-14.","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2048","article-title":"Bone and joint pathology in workers using hand-held vibrating tools: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Gene, G.; Saraste, H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gene G, Saraste H. Bone and joint pathology in workers using hand-held vibrating tools: an overview. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:290-300.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"287","article-title":"Exposure to vibration and selfreported health complaints of riveters in the aircraft industry","volume":"35","author":"Burdorf, A.; Monster, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burdorf A, Monster A. Exposure to vibration and selfreported health complaints of riveters in the aircraft industry. Ann Occup Hyg 1991;35:287-98.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"173","article-title":"Occupational health hazards resulting from elevated work rate situations","volume":"5","author":"Ohara, H.; Nagagiri, S.; Itani, T.; Wake, K.; Aoyama, H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ohara H, Nagagiri S, Itani T, Wake K, Aoyama H. Occupational health hazards resulting from elevated work rate situations. J Hum Ergol 1976;5:173-82.","journal-title":"J Hum Ergol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"826","volume":"51","author":"Med, Environ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Environ Med 1994;51:826-32."},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"Work related risk factors for trapezius myalgia","volume-title":"Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Conference on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal DisordersSweden","author":"Veiersted, K.B.; Westgaard, R.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Veiersted KB, Westgaard RH. Work related risk factors for trapezius myalgia. In: Hagberg M, Kilbom A, eds. Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Conference on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal DisordersSweden 1992. Stockholm: Arbetarskyddsverket, 1992."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90060-3","article-title":"Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees","volume":"53","author":"Leino, P.; Magni, G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leino P, Magni G. Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees. Pain 1993;53:89-94.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"299","article-title":"Shoulder pain in middle age: a study of prevalence and relation to occupational work load and psychosocial factors","volume":"14","author":"H., Bergenudd; F, Lindgarde; B, Nilsson; CJ, Petersson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bergenudd H., Lindgarde F, Nilsson B, Petersson CJ. Shoulder pain in middle age: a study of prevalence and relation to occupational work load and psychosocial factors. Clin Orthop 1988;14:299-305.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198907000-00012","article-title":"Risk factors in the psychosocial work environment for neck and shoulder pain in secretaries","volume":"31","author":"Linton, S.J.; Kamwendo, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Linton SJ, Kamwendo K. Risk factors in the psychosocial work environment for neck and shoulder pain in secretaries.J Occup Med 1989;31:609-13.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"135","article-title":"Neck and shoulder disorders in medical secretaries: part II, ergonomic work environment and symptom profile","volume":"23","author":"Kamwendo, K.; Linton, S.J.; Moritz, U.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kamwendo K, Linton SJ, Moritz U. Neck and shoulder disorders in medical secretaries: part II, ergonomic work environment and symptom profile. Scand J7 Rehab Med 1991;23:135-42.","journal-title":"Scand J7 Rehab Med"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379008256963","article-title":"Risk factors for neck and back pain in a working population in Sweden","volume":"4","author":"Linton, S.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Linton SJ. Risk factors for neck and back pain in a working population in Sweden. Work Stress 1990;4:41-9.","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_27","article-title":"Associations between perceived psychosocial job factors and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulder regions","volume-title":"Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Conference on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal DisordersSweden","author":"Toomingas, A.; Theorell, T.; Michelson, H.; Nordermar, R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Toomingas A, Theorell T, Michelson H, Nordermar R. Associations between perceived psychosocial job factors and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulder regions. In: Hagberg M, Kilbom A, eds. Book of abstracts of the International Scientific Conference on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal DisordersSweden 1992. Stockholm: Arbetarskyddsverket, 1992."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024464","article-title":"Surveys using general practice registers: who are the non-responders?","volume":"18","author":"Pope, D.; Croft, P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pope D, Croft P. Surveys using general practice registers: who are the non-responders? JT Public Health Med 1996; 18:6-12.","journal-title":"JT Public Health Med"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"559","article-title":"Epidemiology of low back pain. Bailliire's Clin Rheumatol","volume":"6","author":"Skovron, M.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Skovron ML. Epidemiology of low back pain. Bailliire's Clin Rheumatol 1992;6:559-73."},{"key":"ref_30","article-title":"Cumulative trauma disorders: a manual for musculoskeletal diseases of the upper limbs","author":"Putz-Anderson, V.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Putz-Anderson V, ed. Cumulative trauma disorders: a manual for musculoskeletal diseases of the upper limbs. London: Taylor and Francis, 1988."}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.54.5.316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T16:31:49Z","timestamp":1716481909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.54.5.316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.54.5.316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.54.5.316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]}}}