{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:00:39Z","timestamp":1791270039167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: Data from a hospital based case-control study were analysed to assess the relation between maternal occupation in the leather industry and several groups of congenital defects (nervous system, cardiac defects of closure, oral cleft, epispadia or hypospadia, and multiple anomalies). METHODS: Cases and controls were selected from eight public hospitals in Comunidad Valenciana, Spain, in 1993 and 1994. Cases were located from the hospital discharge records, including children born and diagnosed in some of the selected hospitals during their first year of life. Controls were selected from births without congenital defects in the same hospitals and dates of the cases (ratio 1:1). Both parents of selected children were interviewed (mainly by phone) and information about potential confounding variables and occupational history during the three years before the birth was collected in structured questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 261 cases and the same number of controls were included in the study. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for maternal occupation in the leather industry in the period between three months before the conception and the birth of the child (n = 22), and each selected group of congenital malformations: nervous system defects (OR 1.02, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.12 to 8.51), cardiac defects of closure (OR 1.78, 95% CI 0.44 to 7.17), oral clefts (OR 6.18, 95% CI 1.48 to 25.69), for epispadia or hypospadia (OR 4.05, 95% CI 0.77 to 21.44), and multiple anomalies (OR 3.14, 95% CI 0.82 to 12.00). CONCLUSION: These data are compatible with an increased risk for oral clefts in the offspring of women working in the leather industry. Some other categories of defect could have an increased risk as well, although for these our data cannot exclude random error as an explanation. Given these results and previous findings in similar studies, some precautionary recommendations regarding maternal exposure in leather industries, probably in relation to solvents, would be justified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:13:30Z","timestamp":1230768810000},"page":"284-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Maternal occupation in the leather industry and selected congenital malformations."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"A M","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.4.223","article-title":"Congenital malformations and maternal occupation: a registry based case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Bianchi, F.; Cianciulli, D.; Pierini, A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bianchi F, Cianciulli D, Pierini A, et al. Congenital malformations and maternal occupation: a registry based case-control study. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:223\u20138.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199508000-00004","article-title":"EVects of parental exposure to solvents on pregnancy outcome","volume":"37","author":"Lindbohm, M.L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lindbohm ML. EVects of parental exposure to solvents on pregnancy outcome. J Occup Environ Med 1995; 37:908\u2013 14.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700010207","article-title":"Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy. A case-referent study","volume":"1","author":"Holmberg, P.C.; Nurminen, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Holmberg PC, Nurminen M. Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy. A case-referent study. Am J Ind Med 1980;1: 167\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2418","article-title":"Screening for occupational exposures and congenital malformations","volume":"9","author":"Kurppa, K.; Holmberg, P.C.; Hernberg, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurppa K, Holmberg PC, Hernberg S, et al. Screening for occupational exposures and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983;9:89\u201393.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"527","article-title":"Chemical exposures at work in early pregnancy and congenital defect: a case-referent study","volume":"44","author":"McDonald, J.C.; Lavoie, J.; Cote, R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McDonald JC, Lavoie J, Cote R, et al. Chemical exposures at work in early pregnancy and congenital defect: a case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 1987;44:527\u201333.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420430614","article-title":"Maternal exposure to chemical and physical factors during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the oVspring","volume":"43","author":"Tikkanen, J.; Heinonen, O.P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP. Maternal exposure to chemical and physical factors during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the oVspring. Teratology 1991;43:591\u2013 600.","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1613","article-title":"Maternal occupational exposure and congenital malformations","volume":"18","author":"Cordier, S.; Ha, M.C.; Ayme, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cordier S, Ha MC, Ayme S, et al. Maternal occupational exposure and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 1992;18:11\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Comparison of methods of occupational exposure assessment in epidemiology: solvents in shoe and leather goods industries","volume-title":"Conference on Retrospective Assessment of Occupational Exposures in Epidemiology [programme and abstracts]","author":"Miligi, L.; Scarpelli, A.; Seniori Constantini, A.","unstructured":"Miligi L, Scarpelli A, Seniori Constantini A, et al. Comparison of methods of occupational exposure assessment in epidemiology: solvents in shoe and leather goods industries. In: Conference on Retrospective Assessment of Occupational Exposures in Epidemiology [programme and abstracts]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994:122."}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.55.4.284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T16:52:07Z","timestamp":1716483127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.55.4.284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.55.4.284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.55.4.284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}}}