{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:06:50Z","timestamp":1781327210961,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the suitability of alpha-1-microglobulin as a marker for cadmium induced renal dysfunction. METHODS: alpha-1-Microglobulin was studied in a cross sectional survey in relation to the body burden of cadmium. Concentrations of alpha-1-microglobulin in 24 h urine of 831 people aged 2-87 years were analysed in association with urinary cadmium excretion, cadmium blood concentration, age, sex, occupational and smoking history, and estimated creatinine clearance. Participants came from a population residentially exposed to cadmium and from two control populations matched for socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The excretion of alpha-1-microglobulin\/24 h ranged from 0.1 mg to 176.3 mg and 44.4% of samples showed concentrations near the detection limit. Ordinal logistic regression analysis of people of all ages identified a high risk only for males compared with females (odds ratio (OR) 2.14; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.56 to 2.94), age group, and duration of living on contaminated soil (OR 1.03\/year; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.04), but not urinary cadmium excretion (OR 1.30; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.77) as significant predictors. For people &lt; or = 50 years of age a weaker effect of sex (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.73) and age group and an effect of similar magnitude for the duration of soil exposure (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04) were found. Also, the urinary cadmium excretion (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.38 to 3.70) and occupational exposure (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.83) were found to be significant in this younger age group. The estimated creatinine clearance had no significant impact on the alpha-1-microglobulin excretion. CONCLUSION: alpha-1-Microglobulin is a suitable marker for early tubular changes only for people &lt; or = 50 years. It may not be sufficiently specific for cadmium, and therefore not a suitable surrogate for cadmium exposure in epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.7.440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:13:30Z","timestamp":1230768810000},"page":"440-445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["alpha-1-Microglobulin: epidemiological indicator for tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Pless-Mulloli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Boettcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(77)90106-2","article-title":"Dose-response relationship of cadmium induced tubular proteinuria","volume":"13","author":"Kjellstroem, T.; Ervin, P.E.; Rahnster, B.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kjellstroem T, Ervin PE, Rahnster B. 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Arch Environ Health 1996;51:83\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.55.7.440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T16:55:25Z","timestamp":1716483325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.55.7.440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.55.7.440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.55.7.440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}}}