{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1790172237517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: To study the nature and extent of evaluation research in occupational health services (OHSs). METHODS: Literature review of evaluation research in OHSs. On the basis of a conceptual model of OHS evaluation, empirical studies are categorised into aspects of input, process, output, outcome, and OHS core activities. RESULTS: Many methods to evaluate OHSs or OHS activities exist, depending on the objective and object of evaluation. The amount of empirical studies on evaluation of OHSs or OHS activities that met the non-restrictive inclusion criteria, was remarkably limited. Most of the 52 studies were more descriptive than evaluative. The methodological quality of most studies was not high. A differentiated picture of the evidence of effectiveness of OHSs arises. Occupational health consultations and occupational rehabilitation are hardly studied despite much time spent on the consultation by occupational physicians in most countries. The lack of effectiveness and efficiency of the pre-employment examination should lead to its abandonment as a means of selection of personnel by OHSs. Periodic health monitoring or surveillance, and education on occupational health hazards can be carried out with reasonable process quality. Identification and evaluation of occupational health hazards by a workplace survey can be done with a high output quality, which, however, does not guarantee a favourable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Although rigorous study designs are not always applicable or feasible in daily practice, much more effort should be directed at the scientific evaluation of OHSs and OHS instruments. To develop evidence-based occupational health care the quality of evaluation studies should be improved. In particular, process and outcome of consultation and rehabilitation activities of occupational physicians need to be studied more.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.6.361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:13:30Z","timestamp":1230768810000},"page":"361-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Evaluation research in occupational health services: general principles and a systematic review of empirical studies."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"C T","family":"Hulshof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Verbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F J","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W E","family":"van der Weide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I T","family":"Braam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Group practices employ in total only 18 occupational physician\u2019s and 11 occupational health nurses; 35 health maintenance organisations employ 20 occupational physicians and 7 nurses; a 200% increase of occupational health personnel between 1987 and 1997 is foreseen Number of occupational medicine specialists less than expected; 35% employed in one company, 17% academic setting, 12% in federal or military government, 8% independent clinic; younger physicians less often in industry Oil and chemical plants employ largest number of occupational physicians per employee; positive relation between company profits and number of occupational physicians Wide diversity in specialty characteristics Assessment of fitness for work or sick leave ranked first in physicians\u2019 time 48% engaged in audit; in 18% audit of structure, process and outcome of care","unstructured":"Group practices employ in total only 18 occupational physician\u2019s and 11 occupational health nurses; 35 health maintenance organisations employ 20 occupational physicians and 7 nurses; a 200% increase of occupational health personnel between 1987 and 1997 is foreseen Number of occupational medicine specialists less than expected; 35% employed in one company, 17% academic setting, 12% in federal or military government, 8% independent clinic; younger physicians less often in industry Oil and chemical plants employ largest number of occupational physicians per employee; positive relation between company profits and number of occupational physicians Wide diversity in specialty characteristics Assessment of fitness for work or sick leave ranked first in physicians\u2019 time 48% engaged in audit; in 18% audit of structure, process and outcome of care"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"White collar workers selected by age or work related risks) from 2000 employees Only hearing loss and hypertension occured frequently enough for screening; periodic examinations useful for assessing fitness for work (8 % of workers required consideration), but not in identifying workers with compensable diseases Few measures were taken as a result of the laboratory examinations. The programme seemed to be","unstructured":"White collar workers selected by age or work related risks) from 2000 employees Only hearing loss and hypertension occured frequently enough for screening; periodic examinations useful for assessing fitness for work (8 % of workers required consideration), but not in identifying workers with compensable diseases Few measures were taken as a result of the laboratory examinations. The programme seemed to be of limited value"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"95","article-title":"Global strategy on occupational health for all. Recommendation of the 2nd meeting of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health. Beijing, China 11\u201314","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1994","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global strategy on occupational health for all. Recommendation of the 2nd meeting of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health. Beijing, China 11\u201314 October 1994. 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