{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:14:58Z","timestamp":1785896098154,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether the association between SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and daily deaths in Philadelphia during the years 1974\u201388 is due to its correlation with airborne particles, and vice versa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a significant variation in the relation between total suspended particulate (TSP) and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>in Philadelphia by year and season. Firstly, 30 separate regressions were fitted for each pollutant in the warm and cold season of each year. These regressions controlled for weather, long term temporal patterns, and day of the week. Then a meta\u2013regression was performed to find whether the effect of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was due to TSP, or vice versa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling for TSP, there was no significant association between SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and daily deaths. By contrast, in periods when TSP was less correlated with SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, its association with daily deaths was higher. However, all of the association between TSP and daily deaths was explained by its correlation with extinction coefficient, a measurement of the scattering of light by fine particles, which has been shown to be highly correlated with fine combustion particles in Philadelphia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between air pollution and daily deaths in Philadelphia is due to fine combustion particles, and not to SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.10.692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1027766320000},"page":"692-697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Daily deaths are associated with combustion particles rather than SO<sub>2<\/sub>in Philadelphia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.3.600","article-title":"Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations.","volume":"145","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7095.1658","article-title":"Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project.","volume":"314","author":"Katsouyanni","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116617","article-title":"Air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama.","volume":"137","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1992.9938351","article-title":"Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah Valley.","volume":"42","author":"Pope","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199509000-00003","article-title":"Air pollution and daily mortality in Philadelphia.","volume":"6","author":"Moolgavkar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.6","unstructured":"Samet JM Zeger SL Kelsall JE (1997) Air pollution, weather, and mortality in Philadelphia 1973\u00e2\u0080\u009388. The phase I.B report of the particle epidemiology evaluation project. (Health Effects Institue, Cambridge, MA)."},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00004"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9089159","article-title":"The relationship of daily mortality to suspended particulates in Santa Clara County, 1980\u00e2\u0080\u00936.","volume":"89","author":"Fairley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199601000-00005","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory disease.","volume":"7","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009351","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in Philadelphia: 1974\u00e2\u0080\u009388.","volume":"146","author":"Kelsall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1996.10467528","article-title":"Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?","volume":"46","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manage Assoc"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1985.10466020","article-title":"Relationships between aerosol extinction coefficients derived from airport visual range observations and alternative measures of airborne particle mass.","volume":"35","author":"Ozkaynak","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Air Pollut Control Assoc"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116617","article-title":"Air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama.","volume":"137","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1994.1005","article-title":"Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta-analysis.","volume":"64","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2286407"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108563","article-title":"Assessing confounding, effect modification, and thresholds in the association between ambient particles and daily deaths.","volume":"108","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1966.10664471","article-title":"The uptake and release of SO2 by the human nose.","volume":"12","author":"Speizer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197605000-00006"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.19","unstructured":"Buringh E, Fischer P, Hoek G. Is SO2 a causative factor for the PM associated mortality risks in The Netherlands?Inhal Toxicol (in press).."},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00482.x"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00017","article-title":"Drinking water turbidity and health.","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024052310233422000_57.10.692.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108419","article-title":"Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences.","volume":"108","author":"Zeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.57.10.692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:25:12Z","timestamp":1716485112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oem.57.10.692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oem.57.10.692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.57.10.692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]}}}