{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:02:59Z","timestamp":1792717379702,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>To assess the importance of physical and psychosocial risk factors for lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>Case-referent study of 267 new cases of tennis elbow and 388 referents from the background population enrolled from general practices in Ringkjoebing County, Denmark.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Manual job tasks were associated with tennis elbow (odds ratio (OR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9 to 5.1). The self reported physical risk factors \u201cposture\u201d and \u201cforceful work\u201d were related to tennis elbow. Among women, work involving performing repeated movements of the arms was related to tennis elbow (OR 3.7, CI 1.7 to 8.3). Among men, work with precision demanding movements was related to tennis elbow (OR 5.2, CI 1.5 to 17.9). Among both males and females, the results for work with hand held vibrating tools were inconsistent, partly because of few exposed subjects. A physical strain index was established based on posture, repetition, and force. The adjusted ORs for tennis elbow at low, medium, and high strain were 1.4 (CI 0.8 to 2.7), 2.0 (CI 1.1 to 3.7), and 4.4 (CI 2.3 to 8.7). Low social support at work, adjusted for physical strain, was a risk factor among women (OR 2.4, CI 1.3 to 4.6).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>Results indicate that being a new case of tennis elbow is associated with non-neutral postures of hands and arms, use of heavy hand held tools, and high physical strain measured as a combination of forceful work, non-neutral posture of hands and arms, and repetition. Furthermore, tennis elbow among women was associated with low social support at work. The results for precision demanding movements and for vibration were less consistent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.5.322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,23]],"date-time":"2003-04-23T16:55:27Z","timestamp":1051116927000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Physical and psychosocial risk factors for lateral epicondylitis: a population based case-referent study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"J P","family":"Haahr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.4.262"},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/03009747409097141","volume":"3","year":"1974","journal-title":"Scand Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waris P, Kuorinka I, Kurppa K, et al. Epidemiologic screening of occupational neck and upper limb disorders. Methods and criteria. Scand J Work Environ Health 1979;(suppl 3):25\u00e2\u0080\u009338.","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2689"},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.4.264","volume":"55","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.1.30"},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.6","unstructured":"Haker E. Lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow). A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Dissertation. Stockholm: 1991."},{"key":"2024052910201322000_60.5.322.7","unstructured":"Hagberg M, Silverstein B, Wells R, et al. Evidence of the association between work and selected tendon disorders: shoulder tendinitis, epicondylitis, de Quervain\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tendinitis, Dypuytren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s contracture, Achilles tendinitis. In: Kuorinka I, Forcier L, eds. 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