{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:46:34Z","timestamp":1788317194490,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Northern California Center for Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The occupational exposure limit for trichloroethylene (TCE) in different countries varies from 1 to 100 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). Many countries currently use 10 ppm as the regulatory standard for occupational exposures, but the biological effects in humans at this level of exposure remain unclear. The objective of our study was to evaluate alterations in immune and renal biomarkers among workers occupationally exposed to low levels of TCE below current regulatory standards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study of 80 healthy workers exposed to a wide range of TCE (ie, 0.4\u2013229 ppm) and 96 comparable unexposed controls in China, and previously reported that TCE exposure was associated with multiple candidate biological markers related to immune function and kidney toxicity. Here, we conducted further analyses of all of the 31 biomarkers that we have measured to determine the magnitude and statistical significance of changes in the subgroup of workers (n=35) exposed to &lt;10\u2009ppm TCE compared with controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six immune biomarkers (ie, CD4+ effector\u2009memory T cells, sCD27, sCD30, interleukin-10, IgG and IgM) were significantly decreased (% difference ranged from \u221216.0% to \u221272.1%) and one kidney toxicity marker (kidney injury molecule-1, KIM-1) was significantly increased (% difference: +52.5%) among workers exposed to &lt;10\u2009ppm compared with the control group. These associations remained noteworthy after taking into account multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (ie, &lt;0.20).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that occupational exposure to TCE below 10 ppm as an 8-hour TWA may alter levels of key markers of immune function and kidney toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T21:52:19Z","timestamp":1554933139000},"page":"376-381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Alterations in immune and renal biomarkers among workers occupationally exposed to low levels of trichloroethylene below current regulatory standards"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-Mu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan A","family":"Bassig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason JJ","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangyi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Purdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiju","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas I","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean P","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongshun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn T","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Trichloroethylene toxicity: Where is trichloroethylene found? https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/csem\/csem.asp?csem=15&po=5 (Accessed 10th Nov 2018)."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs 106: Trichloroetheylene, tetrachloroethylene, and some other chlorinated agents. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70485-0"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.4","unstructured":"WorkSafe New Zealand. Workplace exposure standard (WES) review: trichloroethylene. 2017 https:\/\/saferfarms.org.nz\/dmsdocument\/2473-workplace-exposure-standard-wes-review-trichloroethylene (Accessed 10th Nov 2018)."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.5","unstructured":"European Commission. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the council amending directive 2004\/37\/ec on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work. 2017."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq121"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.7","first-page":"53","article-title":"Decreased Numbers of CD4(+) naive and effector memory T Cells, and CD8(+) Na\u00efve T Cells, are associated with trichloroethylene exposure","volume":"10","author":"Hosgood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs403"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs191"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21789"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.11","unstructured":"GESTIS. Institut fur arbeitsschutz der deutschen gesetzlichen unfallversicherung. gestis international limit values: trichloroethylene. http:\/\/limitvalue.ifa.dguv.de\/ (Accessed 26th Oct 2018)."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.12","unstructured":"Fisher Scientific. Safety Data Sheet: trichloroethylene. 2016 https:\/\/www.fishersci.com\/store\/msds?partNumber=T3414&productDescription=TRICHLOROETHYLENE+CR+ACS+4L&vendorId=VN00033897&countryCode=US&language=en"},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.13","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Report on carcinogens background document for trichloroethylene. 2000 https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/8e22\/7ba385f9845135d32a83cb698f2c02d6f5b6.pdf?_ga=2.53884008.1990333919.1541785450-1766031430.1541785450 (Accessed 10th Nov 2018)."},{"key":"2024110804200852000_76.6.376.14","unstructured":"Acros Organics. 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