{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:54:10Z","timestamp":1794358450837,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project","award":["2018M630870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M630870"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2016YXMS215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YXMS215"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p991c53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71804049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71804049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We aim to quantitatively synthesise available epidemiological evidence on the prevalence rates of workplace violence (WPV) by patients and visitors against healthcare workers. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science from their inception to October 2018, as well as the reference lists of all included studies. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. Data were double-extracted and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. The overall percentage of healthcare worker encounters resulting in the experience of WPV was estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was assessed using the\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. We included 253 eligible studies (with a total of 331 544 participants). Of these participants, 61.9% (95% CI 56.1% to 67.6%) reported exposure to any form of WPV, 42.5% (95% CI 38.9% to 46.0%) reported exposure to non-physical violence, and 24.4% (95% CI 22.4% to 26.4%) reported experiencing physical violence in the past year. Verbal abuse (57.6%; 95% CI 51.8% to 63.4%) was the most common form of non-physical violence, followed by threats (33.2%; 95% CI 27.5% to 38.9%) and sexual harassment (12.4%; 95% CI 10.6% to 14.2%). The proportion of WPV exposure differed greatly across countries, study location, practice settings, work schedules and occupation. In this systematic review, the prevalence of WPV against healthcare workers is high, especially in Asian and North American countries, psychiatric and emergency department settings, and among nurses and physicians. There is a need for governments, policymakers and health institutions to take actions to address WPV towards healthcare professionals globally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T05:55:16Z","timestamp":1571032516000},"page":"927-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":829,"title":["Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijiao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Opoku","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8432-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuxun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1010"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014548"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.3","unstructured":"Wynne R , Clarkin N , Cox T , et al . Guidance on the prevention of violence at work. Luxembourg: European Commissions, DG-V, 1997."},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.4","unstructured":"Cooper C , Swanson N . Workplace violence in the health sector\u2013state of the art. Geneva: ILO\/ICN\/WHO\/PSI joint programme on workplace violence in health sector, 2002: 81\u20138."},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2007.00570.x"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2012.732124"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2017.11.009"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2017.09.013"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2018.01.006"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.10","unstructured":"International Labor Office, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, Public Services International (ILO\/ICN\/WHO\/PSI) . Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva: ILO\/ICN\/WHO\/PSI, 2002."},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12488"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2017.1333319"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13019"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourshaikhian M , Abolghasem Gorji H , Aryankhesal A , et al . A systematic literature review: workplace violence against emergency medical services personnel. Arch Trauma Res 2016;5.doi:10.5812\/atr.28734","DOI":"10.5812\/atr.28734"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2017.12.004"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208602"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12761"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22797"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm142"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12002"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.976"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2016.1160861"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12232"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.25","first-page":"403","article-title":"Violence and unsafety in a major Italian hospital: experience and perceptions of health care workers","volume":"106","author":"Terzoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellah RF , Salama KM . Prevalence and risk factors of workplace violence against health care workers in emergency department in Ismailia, Egypt. Pan Afr Med J 2017;26.doi:10.11604\/pamj.2017.26.21.10837","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.26.21.10837"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/men.2002.121835"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304519"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.30","unstructured":"Rostom A , Dub\u00e9 C , Cranney A , et al . Celiac Disease. In: (Evidence Reports\/Technology assessments, no. 104.) appendix D. quality assessment forms. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2004. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK35156\/"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.33","unstructured":"The World Bank . Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?end=2016&start=2016&view=map"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.34","first-page":"109","article-title":"Emerging health issues in Asia and the Pacific: implications for public health policy","volume":"12","author":"Bandara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asia Pac Dev J"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.35","unstructured":"WHO . Global health expenditure database. Available: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/nha\/database\/Select\/Indicators\/en [Accessed 30 Apr 2018]."},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044247"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.37","unstructured":"Operationalizing an effective referral system in India. BMJ 2017;351."},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60501-8","article-title":"Violence against doctors: why China? why now? what next?","volume":"383","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma DC . Rising violence against health workers in India. The Lancet 2017;389.doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31142-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31142-X"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60658-9"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.41","unstructured":"Kane L . US vs European physicians: their ethical differences. Medscape ethics report, 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/features\/slideshow\/us-european-ethics"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20065"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945914527177"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3182028d55"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0b013e3181ae97db"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.14-0111-OA"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000164556.14509.a3"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.48","first-page":"e110","article-title":"Work related violence as a predictor of stress and correlated disorders in emergency department healthcare professionals","volume":"170","author":"Cannav\u00f2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12250"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2019.73.6-10"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaen.2003.11.003"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079915574684"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-79","article-title":"Undue reliance on I(2) in assessing heterogeneity may mislead","volume":"8","author":"R\u00fccker","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warshawski S , Amit Aharon A , Itzhaki M . It takes two to tango: public attitudes toward prevention of workplace violence against health care staff: a mixed-methods study. J Interpers Violence 2019:088626051984686.doi:10.1177\/0886260519846865","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519846865"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659613493330"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291117732301"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114429"},{"key":"2024110804001358000_76.12.927.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501998"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T07:01:11Z","timestamp":1731049271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]]}}}