{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:56:23Z","timestamp":1793760983549,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-00479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["286294 and 294154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["286294 and 294154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long commuting times are linked to poor health outcomes, but the evidence is mainly cross-sectional. We examined longitudinal within-individual associations between commuting time and behaviour-related health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health study. We selected workers who responded to a minimum of two surveys conducted every other year between 2008 and 2018. We included all study waves with self-reported commuting time (ie, the exposure, 1\u20135, 6\u201310, 11\u201315 or \u226515\u2009hours\/week), body mass index (based on weight and height), physical (in)activity, smoking, alcohol use and sleep problems (ie, the outcomes) (N<jats:sub>individuals<\/jats:sub>=20 376, N<jats:sub>observations<\/jats:sub>=46 169). We used conditional logistic regression for fixed effects analyses that controls for time-varying confounders by design. Analyses were stratified by working hours: normal (30\u201340\u2009hours\/week) or longer than normal (&gt;40\u2009hours\/week) and adjusted for time dependent covariates: age, marital status, occupational position, presence of children, chronic disease, depressive symptoms, job strain and shift work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Those working &gt;40\u2009hours\/week had higher odds of physical inactivity (OR 1.25, 95%\u2009CI 1.03 to 1.51) and sleep problems (OR 1.16, 95%\u2009CI 1.00 to 1.35) when they were commuting &gt;5\u2009hours\/week than when they were commuting 1\u20135\u2009hours\/week. Among women working normal hours, longer commuting time associated with lower odds of problem drinking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that lengthy commuting time increases the risk of physical inactivity and sleep problems if individuals have longer than normal weekly working hours. Effects of work arrangements that decrease commuting time should be examined in relation to health behaviours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T22:15:28Z","timestamp":1576275328000},"page":"77-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Commuting time to work and behaviour-related health: a fixed-effect analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaana I","family":"Halonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pulakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6036-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Vahtera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Pentti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Lastr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7560-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Stenholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Magnusson","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Naghavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.082123"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205230"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210943"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.92"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9678-6"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.11.006","article-title":"Commuting and sleep: results from the Hispanic community health Study\/Study of Latinos Sue\u00f1o ancillary study","volume":"54","author":"Petrov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-834","article-title":"Relationship between commuting and health outcomes in a cross-sectional population survey in southern Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww243","article-title":"Time spent Commuting to work and mental health: evidence from 13 waves of an Australian cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.08.023"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3199","article-title":"Does Commuting affect health?","volume":"25","author":"K\u00fcnn-Nelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Associations between long commutes and subjective health complaints among Railway workers in Norway","volume":"4","author":"Urhonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.11.004"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2018.07.005","article-title":"Neighborhood Commute to work times and self-reported caregiver health behaviors and food access","volume":"19","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"2024110804401752000_77.2.77.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauss D , Jarczok MN , Fischer JE . 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