{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:43:19Z","timestamp":1785328999464,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01OH010745-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01OH010745-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Very high exposure to inorganic lead causes serious kidney damage. We have studied workers with occupational exposure and data on blood lead.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We extended follow-up for 7 more years, for a previously studied cohort of 58\u2009307 male workers who were part of a surveillance programme in 11 different states. Mortality was assessed using the National Death Index, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence was assessed using the US Renal Data System. We conducted internal analyses via Cox regression adjusting for age, calendar time and race.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cohort was followed for a median of 18 years and had 524 cases of ESRD and 6527 deaths. Average maximum blood lead was 26\u2009\u00b5g\/dL; the mean year of first blood lead test was 1997. No trends by lead level were seen overall or when restricting to those with 15+ years follow-up. Among non-Caucasians with &gt;15 years of follow-up, there was a positive but inconsistent trend (Rate ratios (RRs) 1.00, 2.10, 1.33, 2.20 and 2.76 for maximum blood lead categories of &lt;20\u2009\u00b5g\/dL, 20\u201329\u2009\u00b5g\/dL, 30 to &lt;40\u2009\u00b5g\/dL, 40 to \u226450\u2009\u00b5g\/dL and &gt;50\u2009\u00b5g\/dL, respectively (p for linear trend 0.26). Those with &gt;15 years of follow-up and birth year &lt;1941 showed a positive trend with increased blood lead (RRs 1.00, 1.14, 1.18, 1.46, 1.66, p trend=0.26).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no association between higher lead exposure and ESRD. There were positive but not statistically significant trends of increased risk for non-Caucasians with &gt;15 years of follow-up and for older men with &gt;15 years of follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T21:15:20Z","timestamp":1584911720000},"page":"415-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic renal disease among lead-exposed workers"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7873-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Steenland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughn","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9782","article-title":"Adult lead exposure: time for change","volume":"115","author":"Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.2","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency . Air quality criteria for lead (2006) final report. EPA\/600\/R-05\/144aF-bF. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Center for Environmental Assessment-RTP Office, Office of Research and Development, 2006."},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.02.358","article-title":"Blood lead levels and decreased kidney function in a population-based cohort","volume":"72","author":"Harari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103876"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.5","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP) . Health effects of low-level lead. Research Triangle Park, 2012."},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.12.005"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6355a5","article-title":"Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults - United States, 1994-2013","volume":"63","author":"Alarcon","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105505"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113804"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.8.1145"},{"key":"2024110804401767000_77.6.415.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9785"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-106363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1731069662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-106363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2019-106363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-106363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]]}}}