{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:50:15Z","timestamp":1793962215126,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide systematically evaluated evidence of prospective associations between exposure to physical, psychological and gender-based violence and health among healthcare, social care and education workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for <jats:italic>population:<\/jats:italic> human service workers; <jats:italic>exposure:<\/jats:italic> workplace violence; and <jats:italic>study type:<\/jats:italic> prospective or longitudinal in articles published 1990\u2013August 2019. Quality assessment was performed based on a modified version of the Cochrane\u2019s \u2018Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After deduplication, 3566 studies remained, of which 132 articles were selected for full-text screening and 28 were included in the systematic review. A majority of the studies focused on healthcare personnel, were from the Nordic countries and were assessed to have medium quality. Nine of 11 associations between physical violence and poor mental health were statistically significant, and 3 of 4 associations between physical violence and sickness absence. Ten of 13 associations between psychological violence and poor mental health were statistically significant and 6 of 6 associations between psychological violence and sickness absence. The only study on gender-based violence and health reported a statistically non-significant association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is consistent evidence mainly in medium quality studies of prospective associations between psychological violence and poor mental health and sickness absence, and between physical violence and poor mental health in human service workers. More research using objective outcomes, improved exposure assessment and that focus on gender-based violence is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T21:57:54Z","timestamp":1589579874000},"page":"69-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Workplace violence and health in human service industries: a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3578-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nyberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Kecklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Magnusson","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Rajaleid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.07.013","article-title":"A systematic review of exposure to physical violence across occupational domains according to victims' sex","volume":"25","author":"Guay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2011.00300.x"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/096317909X481256"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.4","unstructured":"International Labour Conference . Convention 190. convention concerning the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work. Geneva, 2019."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.09.004"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.07.001"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2013.03.001"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.9","unstructured":"Swedish social insurance Agency. sick leave at the Swedish labour market. Sick leave longer than 14 days and termination of sick leave within 180 days by indutry and occupation, Stockholm 2018."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2908-1","article-title":"Do work-related factors contribute to differences in doctor-certified sick leave? A prospective study comparing women in health and social occupations with women in the general working population","volume":"16","author":"Aagestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104803"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.019398"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3049"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818812638","article-title":"Can a poor psychosocial work environment and insufficient organizational resources explain the higher risk of ill-health and sickness absence in human service occupations? Evidence from a Swedish national cohort","volume":"47","author":"Aronsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12478","article-title":"Violence committed against nursing staff by patients in psychiatric outpatient settings","volume":"27","author":"Konttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.07.010"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12761","article-title":"Review article: workplace violence in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"29","author":"Nikathil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-3743.2010.00226.x"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-017-9499-0","article-title":"Workplace harassment among staff in higher education: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Henning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Educ. Rev."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0214-z","article-title":"Work factors as predictors of poor sleep in nurses' aides","volume":"81","author":"Eriksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-290"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104027"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/316358","article-title":"The exploding spark: workplace violence in an infectious disease Hospital\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"2013","author":"Magnavita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2011-1142","article-title":"A longitudinal examination of generic and occupational specific job demands, and work-related social support associated with burnout among nurses in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Sundin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22306","article-title":"Impact of hospital type II violent events: use of psychotropic drugs and mental health services","volume":"57","author":"Dement","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.001","article-title":"Verbal and physical client aggression - A longitudinal analysis of professional caregivers' psychophysiological stress response and burnout","volume":"94","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000148","article-title":"Are frequency and severity of workplace violence etiologic factors of posttraumatic stress disorder? A 1-year prospective study of 1,763 social educators","volume":"24","author":"Pihl-Thingvad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-019-01424-5","article-title":"Workplace violence and development of burnout symptoms: a prospective cohort study on 1823 social educators","volume":"92","author":"Pihl-Thingvad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1016","article-title":"Psychosocial and organizational risk factors for doctor-certified sick leave: a prospective study of female health and social workers in Norway","volume":"14","author":"Aagestad","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0680-1"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370701747549"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.01.013"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813508778"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12138"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.10.779"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.10.008","article-title":"Workplace bullying and depressive symptoms: a prospective study among junior physicians in Germany","volume":"78","author":"Loerbroks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3278"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.06.017"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2015.1132200","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between workplace bullying, basic psychological needs, and employee functioning: a simultaneous investigation of psychological need satisfaction and frustration","volume":"25","author":"Tr\u00e9panier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Work Organizatio Psychol"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.12.002","article-title":"Prospective study of predictors and consequences of insomnia: personality, lifestyle, mental health, and work-related stressors","volume":"20","author":"Vedaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.10.656"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01179.x"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-017-1268-1","article-title":"Psychosocial work environment and mental health-related long-term sickness absence among nurses","volume":"91","author":"Roelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.44","first-page":"417","article-title":"Work stress and incidence of newly diagnosed fibromyalgia: prospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.45","unstructured":"Milczarek M , Schneider E , Rial Gonz\u00e1lez E . OSH in figures: Stress at work - facts and figures. Luxembourg, 2009."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12536","article-title":"Burnout symptoms in forensic mental health nurses: results from a longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"de Looff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2554-z","article-title":"The relationship between working conditions and self-rated health among medical doctors: evidence from seven waves of the medicine in Australia balancing employment and life (MABEL) survey","volume":"17","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4669-x"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018","article-title":"Sexual harassment in care work - Dilemmas and consequences: A qualitative investigation","volume":"70","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.50","unstructured":"G\u00f6ransson S , Knight R , Guthenberg J , et al . Hot och v\u00e5ld i skolan - en enk\u00e4tstudie bland l\u00e4rare och elever. Rapport 2011:15. Stockholm 2011."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.51","unstructured":"Rask L , Jondell Assbring M , M\u00f6rtlund T . Attityder till skolan 2018. Rapport 479 2019. Stockholm 2019."},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.06.007","article-title":"What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: an overview of the literature and agenda for future research","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370902815673"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998609346961"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.55","first-page":"219","article-title":"Meta-Analysis: pitfalls and hints","volume":"5","author":"Greco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Lung Vessel"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu127"},{"key":"2021020103450941000_78.2.69.57","unstructured":"International Labour Conference . Recommendation 206. recommendation concerning the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work. Geneva, 2019."}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T11:48:17Z","timestamp":1612180097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2020-106450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}