{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:12:28Z","timestamp":1790237548474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA038499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA038499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-based violence threatens women\u2019s health and safety. Female sex workers (FSWs) experience violence disproportionately, yet prospective data on violence predictors is lacking. In the first US-based prospective FSW cohort study, we examine incidence rates (IRs) and predictors of violence from distinct perpetrators: paying clients, non-paying intimate partners and police.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The parent cohort (Sex Workers and Police Promoting Health In Risky Environments) recruited street-based cisgender FSWs in urban Baltimore, MD (n=250) with 5 assessments at 3-month intervals through 12-month follow-up. Stratifying by violence perpetrator, we characterise violence at baseline, IR over the study period and time-varying predictors using Poisson models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The violence IR per person year was highest for client-perpetrated violence (0.78), followed by intimate partner violence (IPV; IR 0.39), and police violence (IR 0.25). Prevalence over the 12-month follow-up period among participants with complete visit data (n=103), was 42% for client violence, 22% for IPV and 16% for police violence. In adjusted analyses, risk factors for incident violence varied across perpetrators and included entry to sex work through force or coercion (adjusted IR ratio (aIRR)\n                      <jats:sub>IPV<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.6), homelessness (aIRR\n                      <jats:sub>IPV<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.0; 95%\u2009CI 1.3 to 2.9; aIRR\n                      <jats:sub>police<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.7; 95%\u2009CI 1.3 to 5.8) and daily injection drug use (aIRR\n                      <jats:sub>client<\/jats:sub>\n                      1.9; 95%\u2009CI 1.2 to 3.0). Risk of incident client violence and IPV was elevated by past abuse from each respective perpetrator. Help-seeking following abuse was limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FSWs face profound, enduring risk for violence from a range of perpetrators, likely enabled by criminalisation-related barriers to justice and perpetrator impunity. FSWs represent a priority population for access to justice, trauma-informed healthcare and violence-related support services. Structural vulnerabilities including homelessness and addiction represent actionable priorities for improving safety and health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T17:21:04Z","timestamp":1604424064000},"page":"160-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incidence and predictors of violence from clients, intimate partners and police in a prospective US-based cohort of women in sex work"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7085-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Decker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Nyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noya","family":"Galai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Footer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.1","unstructured":"USAID., US Department of State . United States strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally. USAID and Department of State, Government of the United States of America, 2012."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-876","article-title":"Violence against women in sex work and HIV risk implications differ qualitatively by perpetrator","volume":"13","author":"Decker","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker MR , Park JN , Allen ST , et al . Inconsistent condom use among female sex workers: Partner-specific influences of substance use, violence, and condom coercion. AIDS and behavior, 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02569-7"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-248"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.07.005","article-title":"Physical and sexual violence predictors: 20 years of the women's Interagency HIV study cohort","volume":"51","author":"Decker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205079"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh110"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.12.006"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.13","first-page":"154","article-title":"Fear and violence: raising the HIV stakes","volume":"12","author":"El-Bassel","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.523296"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.140541"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.16","first-page":"517","article-title":"Linking drug-related activities with experiences of partner violence: a focus group study of women in methadone treatment","volume":"16","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701643161"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.002","article-title":"Experiences of structural vulnerability among exotic dancers in Baltimore, Maryland: co-occurring social and economic antecedents of HIV\/STI risk","volume":"50","author":"Brantley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301958"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000067","article-title":"House to house, shelter to shelter: experiences of black women seeking housing after leaving abusive relationships","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.970504","article-title":"\"What makes you think you have special privileges because you are a police officer?\" A qualitative exploration of police's role in the risk environment of female sex workers","volume":"27","author":"Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes T , Wagner K , Strathdee S , et al . Structural Violence and Structural Vulnerability Within the Risk Environment:Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives for a Social Epidemiology of HIV Risk Among Injection Drug Users and Sex Workers. In: Rethinking social epidemiology Dordrecht. New York: Springer, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2138-8_10"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S413","article-title":"Economically motivated relationships and transactional sex among unmarried African American and white women: results from a U.S. national telephone survey","volume":"125 Suppl 4","author":"Dunkle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalc-dep.2010.10.003"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.25","unstructured":"WHO. U, UNAIDS, NSWP, World Bank, UNDP . Implementing comprehensive HIV\/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collabortive interventions. Geneva; Switzerland: WHO, 2013."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.26","unstructured":"UNAIDS . Unaids guidance note on HIV and sex work. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2009."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.27","unstructured":"City of Baltimore . Baltimore City health department: shootings by year. Available: http:\/\/baltimore.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/Time\/index.html?appid=f2ed8f7c205e4e1dada26efbacb76a2a [Accessed 29 May 2019]."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.28","unstructured":"US Department of Health & Human Services . Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for America. Available: https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/federal-response\/ending-the-hiv-epidemic\/overview [Accessed 28 May 2019]."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.29","unstructured":"Services UDoHH . Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America [counties and territories]. Available: https:\/\/files.hiv.gov\/s3fs-public\/Ending-the-HIV-Epidemic-Counties-and-Territories.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2019]."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.30","unstructured":"Broadwater L , Duncan I . 'Neighborhoods are crying out': Baltimore has highest homicide rate of U.S. big cities, 2018"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.31","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime in the Unites states, 2018. Available: https:\/\/ucr.fbi.gov\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2017\/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017 [Accessed 26 Feb 2018]."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.32","unstructured":"US Department of Justice . Investigation of the Baltimore City police department. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, 2016."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000001959"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0292-0","article-title":"Implementing targeted sampling: lessons learned from recruiting female sex workers in Baltimore, MD","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0577-y"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.03.008"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.38","unstructured":"White House Office of National AIDS Policy . National HIV\/AIDS strategy: updated to 2020. Washington, DC: White House Office of National AIDS Policy, 2015."},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S241","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000440","article-title":"Violence against female sex workers in Cameroon: accounts of violence, harm reduction, and potential solutions","volume":"68 Suppl 2","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024110805001757000_78.3.160.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4624-x","article-title":"A brief, trauma-informed intervention increases safety behavior and reduces HIV risk for drug-involved women who trade sex","volume":"18","author":"Decker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T08:01:03Z","timestamp":1731052863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2020-106487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]}}}