{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:59:51Z","timestamp":1789095591041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013301","name":"Parkinson\u2019s Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PF-IMP-1825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PF-IMP-1825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01ES029227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES029227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-CP-010119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-CP-010119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-ES-049030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-ES-049030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["W81XWH-17-1-0536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-17-1-0536"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007709","name":"Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GE100455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GE100455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pesticide exposure may impair human olfaction, but empirical evidence is limited. We examined associations between occupational use of 50 specific pesticides and olfactory impairment, both self-reported, among 20\u2009409 participants in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort of pesticide applicators (mostly farmers, 97% male).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between pesticide use at enrolment (1993\u20131997) and olfactory impairment reported two decades later (2013\u20132016), adjusting for baseline covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 10% of participants reported olfactory impairment. The overall cumulative days of any pesticide use at enrolment were associated with a higher odds of reporting olfactory impairment (OR (highest vs lowest quartile): 1.17 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.34), p-trend = 0.003). In the analyses of 50 specific pesticides, ever-use of 20 pesticides showed modest associations with olfactory impairment, with ORs ranging from 1.11 to 1.33. Of these, higher lifetime days of use of 12 pesticides were associated with higher odds of olfactory impairment compared with never use (p-trend \u2264 0.05), including two organochlorine insecticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and lindane), two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and malathion), permethrin, the fungicide captan and six herbicides (glyphosate, petroleum distillates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and metribuzin), although many of these did not exhibit clear, monotonic exposure-response patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we found relatively broad associations between pesticides and olfactory impairment, involving many individual pesticides and covering several chemical classes, suggesting that pesticides could affect olfaction through multiple pathways. Future epidemiological studies with objective measurement of olfaction are required to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T21:21:09Z","timestamp":1603488069000},"page":"179-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Occupational pesticide use and self-reported olfactory impairment in US farmers"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srishti","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Umbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1294-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E","family":"Beane Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5294-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Koutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C R","family":"Alavanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale P","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx081","article-title":"The prevalence of anosmia and associated factors among U.S. black and white older adults","volume":"72","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0775"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw036"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004382","article-title":"Olfaction and incident Parkinson disease in US white and black older adults","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04013.x"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62627-1.00016-0","article-title":"Neurotoxic exposure and impairment of the chemical senses of taste and smell","volume":"131","author":"Doty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21065"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.12.013"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.003","article-title":"Associations between organochlorine pesticides and cognition in U.S. elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002839"},{"key":"2024110805001758000_78.3.179.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman SM , Musgrove RE , Jewell SA , et al . 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