{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:07:56Z","timestamp":1791320876292,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the association of lung function and respiratory symptoms with farming, particularly pesticide use, in an agricultural province in Thailand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We undertook a cross-sectional survey of adults aged 40\u201365 in Nan province, Thailand, between May and August 2019. We randomly recruited 345 villagers and enriched the sample with 82 government employees. All participants performed post-bronchodilator spirometry and completed a questionnaire covering information on respiratory symptoms, farming activities, pesticide use and known risk factors for respiratory disease. Associations of respiratory outcomes with farming and pesticide exposures were examined by multivariable regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The response rate was 94%. The prevalence of chronic airflow obstruction among villagers was 5.5%. Villagers had, on average, a lower percent predicted post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second\/forced vital capacity (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC) than government employees (98.3% vs 100.3%; p=0.04). There was no evidence of association of lung function with farming activities, the use of specific herbicides (glyphosate and paraquat), insecticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids) or fungicides. The exceptions were poultry farming, associated with chronic cough and an increase of FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC, and atrazine, for which duration (p-trend &lt;0.01), intensity (p-trend &lt;0.01) and cumulative hours (p-trend=0.01) of use were all associated with higher FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC in an exposure\u2013response manner. Cumulative hours (\u2212280\u2009mL\/hour), low duration (\u2212270\u2009mL\/year) and intensity (\u2212270\u2009mL\/hour\/year) of atrazine use were associated with lower FVC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic airflow obstruction is uncommon among villagers of an agricultural province in Nan, Thailand. Farming and pesticide use are unlikely to be major causes of respiratory problems there.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-107325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T17:33:29Z","timestamp":1624469609000},"page":"38-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Farming, pesticide exposure and respiratory health: a cross-sectional study in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jate","family":"Ratanachina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cullinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Burney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.1","unstructured":"The World Bank . Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate): world bank, 2020. Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2020&most_recent_year_desc=true&start=1991&type=shaded&view=chart [Accessed 11 October 2020]."},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000247"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.supplement_1.rccm1585s1"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001072"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105310"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.6","unstructured":"National Statistic Office . The survey results of working population in October 2563 B.E. (in Thai) Bangkok, 2020. Available: http:\/\/www.nso.go.th\/sites\/2014\/DocLib13\/2563\/Report_10_63.pdf. [Accessed 18 December 2020]."},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The World Bank . Getting back on track: REVIVING growth and securing prosperity for all. Thailand: World Bank Thailand, 2016.","DOI":"10.1596\/25740"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2011.12.005"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.00006014"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratanachina J , De Matteis S , Cullinan P . Pesticide exposure and lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Med 2019.doi:10.1093\/occmed\/kqz161","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2019.PA5244"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotti M . Clinical toxicology of anticholinesterases in humans. In: e KR , ed. Hayes\u2019 Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. San Diego: Academic Press, 2010: 1543\u201389.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374367-1.00072-0"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.12","unstructured":"Division of Non Communicable Diseases . Division of Non Communicable Diseases. Number and death rate of non-communicable diseases 2016 - 2018 in Thailand Thailand, 2019. Available: http:\/\/www.thaincd.com\/2016\/mission\/documents-detail.php?id=13653&tid=32&gid=1-020. [Accessed 30 November 2019]."},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.13","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture Extension . Nan Province in 2561 B. E. (in Thai) Thailand2018 [. 5 December 2018]. Available from http:\/\/www.agriinfo.doae.go.th\/year61\/province\/july61\/reg6\/nan.pdf"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S82303","article-title":"A comparative study of COPD burden between urban vs rural communities in northern Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Pothirat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-57610","article-title":"The burden of obstructive lung disease initiative (BOLD): rationale and design","volume":"2","author":"Buist","year":"2005","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burney P , Patel J , Minelli C . Prevalence and population attributable risk for chronic airflow obstruction in a large multinational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020.doi:10.1164\/rccm.202005-1990OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1990OC"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034505"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.5.1202"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S262050"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12930-015-0020-9"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00153-2015"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01768-2015"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-1045"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105323"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.049"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/49.4.225"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291115569028"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2012.733933"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091900903261258"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201909-678OC"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208924"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440701669959"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP315"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-214609","article-title":"Organophosphate and carbamate insecticide exposure is related to lung function change among smallholder farmers: a prospective study","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-102839"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.05.024"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00186-2019","article-title":"The occupations at increased risk of COPD: analysis of lifetime job-histories in the population-based UK Biobank cohort","volume":"54","author":"De Matteis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024110805201861000_79.1.38.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051341"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-107325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T13:21:26Z","timestamp":1731072086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-107325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2020-107325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-107325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}