{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:20:52Z","timestamp":1793132452359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2007A050100004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007A050100004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been concern over the possible risk of autoimmune diseases from exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent and common pollutant near hazardous waste sites. Studies of TCE-exposed lupus-prone mouse strains have reported increases in serum antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), a marker of autoimmunity, and autoimmune pathologic changes, while epidemiologic studies have provided limited support for an association between TCE exposure and scleroderma. To investigate exposure-related biologic evidence of autoimmunity in humans, we measured ANA levels in sera from a cross-sectional study of TCE-exposed (n=80) and TCE-unexposed (n=96) workers in Guangdong, China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Full-shift personal air exposure measurements for TCE were taken prior to blood collection. Serum ANAs were detected by immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells. We calculated ORs and 95% CI relating levels of TCE exposure (categorised using tertiles as cut-points) and ANA positivity (1+ intensity at 1:320 dilution) using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples from 16 of 176 participants were ANA-positive. We found higher levels of TCE exposure (concentrations&gt;17.27\u2009ppm) to be associated with an elevated odds of ANA positivity (OR 4.7, 95%\u2009CI 1.3 to 16.8) compared with unexposed controls. This association remained after excluding two subjects with diagnosed autoimmune disease (OR 4.5, 95%\u2009CI 1.2 to 16.2). We did not observe an association with ANAs at lower exposure levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings, to our knowledge the first direct human evidence of an association between TCE exposure and systemic autoimmunity, provide biologic plausibility to epidemiologic evidence relating TCE and autoimmune disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T17:20:15Z","timestamp":1651598415000},"page":"717-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and antinuclear antibodies: a cross-sectional study in China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Purdue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn T","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongeun","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiju","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongshun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja I","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley A","family":"Frazer-Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D","family":"Deane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11782"},{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199806)41:6<1111::AID-ART19>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.8.545"},{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf223"},{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq121"},{"key":"2023050500501013000_79.10.717.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program . 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