{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:33:32Z","timestamp":1790642012422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between periconceptional parental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and hypospadias remains inconclusive and controversial. Therefore, we conducted a hospital-based retrospective study to assess the relationship between hypospadias risk and parental occupational exposure to potential EDCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incident cases (n=73) were boys between 0 and 14 years diagnosed with hypospadias with no micropenis or cryptorchidism. Controls (n=146) were an age-matched group of boys without any congenital malformations, inguinal hernia, nephrological, urological and genital disorders. Their selection was independent of exposures to EDCs. Data on parental occupation and sociodemographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. We evaluated parental occupational exposures using a previously validated job-exposure matrix (JEM) for EDCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our case\u2013control study, 30.1% of all pregnancies had likely exposure to potential EDCs. The most prevalent occupations conferring possible exposure were related to activities on farms. Maternal and paternal occupational exposure to potential EDCs significantly increased the risk of mild hypospadias than moderate-to-severe hypospadias (OR=6.55\u2009vs OR=4.63). Among various categories, parental occupational exposure to pesticides was associated with at least a twofold increased risk of hypospadias. Maternal EDC exposure during the first trimester significantly increased the risk of bearing a hypospadiac child (OR=4.72 (95% CI 2.10 to 10.60)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that EDCs are a risk factor for hypospadias through occupational exposure during fetal life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T18:20:30Z","timestamp":1672078830000},"page":"93-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessing the relationship between hypospadias risk and parental occupational exposure to potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Deepjyoti","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemonta Kumar","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasish","family":"Borbora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocket Chandra","family":"Brahma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitu Mani","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.06.027","article-title":"Hypospadias prevalence and trends in international birth defect surveillance systems, 1980-2010","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)71759-4","article-title":"Surgical procedure for correction of hypospadias","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.05.008"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/46.5.465"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.08.006"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab205","article-title":"Maternal occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and urogenital anomalies in the offspring","volume":"37","author":"Spinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.22860"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.048272"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0254-x","article-title":"Levels of insecticide resistance to deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos, and associated mechanisms in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the Guadeloupe and Saint Martin islands (French West Indies)","volume":"6","author":"Goindin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.10","article-title":"The 2018 European Union report on pesticide residues in food","volume":"18","author":"Medina-Pastor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Efsa J"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22677","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides in female tea garden workers and adverse birth outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2023121908300710000_80.2.93.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-018-4330-5","article-title":"Single-Nucleotide and copy-number variance related to severity of hypospadias","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108594","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T16:30:21Z","timestamp":1703003421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2022-108594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]}}}