{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:57:42Z","timestamp":1790441862523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["150903\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150903\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["180902\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180902\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine the prospective association among objectively measured average working hours (AWHs), frequency of long working hours (FLWHs; defined as \u2265205 working hours\/month (\u226545\u2009hours\/week)) for 6 months, and workers\u2019 self-reported psychological and physical health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 15\u2009143 workers from 5 Japanese companies. We collected monthly attendance records over 6 months before distributing a questionnaire survey on psychological\/physical stress responses and work-related demographics. We then evaluated the associations of those attendance records with psychological\/physical measures using analysis of covariance adjusted for sex, age, employment, job type, working conditions, work site and experience of emergency state due to COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Irritability, anxiety and depression were significantly greater at \u2265180\u2009hours (\u226545\u2009hours\/week), and fatigue and lack of vigour were greater at \u2265205\u2009hours than those of the normal working-hour group (140\u2013180 hours\/month [35\u201345 hours\/week]). Psychological indices increased significantly with FLWH, with \u22653 times for irritability, depression and fatigue; \u22652 times for lack of vigour; and \u22651\u2009time for anxiety when compared with no long working hours. No significant associations were observed between AWH or FLWH and physical stress responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longer AWH was associated with higher levels of psychological stress responses. The effects of FLWH in the past 6 months varied among the psychological stress responses and did not occur for physical complaints. Under circumstances requiring long hours, workers\u2019 mental health should be protected through minimising the frequency of long work hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T17:20:29Z","timestamp":1682702429000},"page":"304-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Characteristics of long working hours and subsequent psychological and physical responses: JNIOSH cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1398-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Fukasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasumasa","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1049-9","article-title":"Long working hours and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-18-0842","article-title":"Working hours and risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke among middle-aged Japanese men-the Japan public health Center-Based prospective study cohort II","volume":"83","author":"Hayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28141-2","article-title":"Nonlinear associations between working hours and overwork-related cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (ccvd)","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pega F , N\u00e1fr\u00e1di B , Momen NC , et al . Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000-2016: a systematic analysis from the WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury. Environ Int 2021;154:106595. doi:10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106595"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2012.37"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12926","article-title":"Long working hours and the prevalence of masked and sustained hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Trudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi T , Suzuki E , Takao S , et al . Long working hours and metabolic syndrome among Japanese men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:395. doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-12-395","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-395"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106629","article-title":"The effect of exposure to long working hours on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the who\/ilo joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury","volume":"155","author":"Rugulies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.6.367"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.720"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639902500305"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/096317901167497"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353263"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1050"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104015"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3579"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unemployment and health: a panel event study","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Raftopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3797"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu044"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.038430"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.05.008"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3388"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong K , Chan AHS , Ngan SC . The effect of long working hours and overtime on occupational health: a meta-analysis of evidence from 1998 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2102. doi:10.3390\/ijerph16122102","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122102"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103845"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3712","article-title":"Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data","volume":"44","author":"Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.26","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) . Constitution of the world health organization. 1947. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/governance\/constitution"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12054","article-title":"The effect of changes in overtime work hours on depressive symptoms among Japanese white-collar workers: a 2-year follow-up study","volume":"61","author":"Hino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.43.623"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2019-0126","article-title":"Objective and subjective working hours and their roles on workers\u2019 health among Japanese employees","volume":"58","author":"Ochiai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01768-x","article-title":"Health problems associated with single, multiple, and the frequency of months of objectively measured long working hours: a cohort study by the National Institute of occupational safety and health, Japan","volume":"95","author":"Ochiai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2021-0168","article-title":"Study profile: protocol outline and study perspectives of the cohort by the National Institute of occupational safety and health, Japan (JNIOSH cohort)","volume":"60","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.32","unstructured":"Shimomitsu T , Haratani T , Nakamura K , et al . Final development of the brief job stress questionnaire mainly used for assessment of the individuals. In: Kato M , ed. The Ministry of Labor sponsored grant for the prevention of work-related illness. Tokyo: Tokyo Medical University, 2000: 153\u201364."},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000171"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm047"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.17-0161-0A"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada K , Sairenchi T , Haruyama Y , et al . Relationship between the onset of depression and stress response measured by the brief job stress questionnaire among Japanese employees: a cohort study. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e56319. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0056319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056319"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi H , Odagiri Y , Ohya Y , et al . Association of overtime work hours with various stress responses in 59,021 Japanese workers: retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2020;15:e0229506. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0229506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229506"},{"key":"2023101202250900000_80.6.304.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691093"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T09:27:20Z","timestamp":1697102840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2022-108672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2022-108672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}