{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:51:37Z","timestamp":1774961497477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 81% of traumatic brain injury cases are considered to be mild (mTBI), but few studies have reviewed mTBI caused by workplace violence (WPV). This study aimed to (1) determine the incidence of mTBI secondary to WPV in a statewide workers\u2019 compensation system using International Classification of Disease codes and (2) analyse and compare factors associated with return-to-work outcomes between WPV mTBI cases versus other mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a retrospective cohort of claims data from the California Workers\u2019 Compensation Information System during 2015\u20132019, cases with a return-to-work date were classified as WPV if the injury description contained keywords such as assault, gunpoint, harassed, intimidated, punch, threat, robbery, violent or verbal abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 14 089 mTBI claims analysed in this study, 11.2% were caused by WPV. When comparing WPV to non-WPV claims, the variables with statistically significant (p\u22640.001) differences were age, income, industry and job class. There were no significant differences between groups for leave duration. In a linear mixed model, the variable of interest (WPV) was not associated with recovery duration after adjusting for other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine WPV mTBI claims in the USA. The findings suggest that the public administration, education and healthcare and social services industries are at higher risk for WPV mTBI. WPV and job class were the only modifiable factors in the model and therefore should be the focus of additional research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2024-109437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T17:29:26Z","timestamp":1720546166000},"page":"395-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mild traumatic brain injury caused by workplace violence in a US workers\u2019 compensation system"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8728-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerri","family":"Wizner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Shane","family":"Journeay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jolivet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Ahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1313","article-title":"Recovery after mild traumatic brain injury in patients presenting to US level 1 trauma centers: a transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury study","volume":"76","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12457","article-title":"Persistent symptoms and activity changes three months after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"65","author":"Cooksley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust Occup Ther J"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.019"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-107005"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106211"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22836","article-title":"Occupational Posttraumatic stress disorder and workplace violence in workers\u2019 compensation claims","volume":"35","author":"Wizner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105621"},{"key":"2024082917000640000_81.8.395.9","unstructured":"Harrell E . 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