{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:17:36Z","timestamp":1793765856468,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"The Sunshine Education and Research Center","award":["grant number T42OH008438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number T42OH008438"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["contract 200-2000-08018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract 200-2000-08018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FOA DD09-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOA DD09-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FOA DD13-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOA DD13-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NOFO DD18-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOFO DD18-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PA 02081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA 02081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PA 96043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA 96043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We investigated associations between occupational noise and gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy-related hypertension (including pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia), preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA) infants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were analysed for 7889 singleton, live-born infants without major birth defects or chromosomal disorders and their mothers from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study from 1997 to 2011. Typical maternal occupational noise exposure in all jobs held from 1\u2009month prior to conception through the end of pregnancy was estimated by expert rater and categorised as quiet (&lt;60\u2009A-weighted decibels (dBA)), low (60\u201375 dBA), moderate (76\u201384 dBA) or loud (&gt;85\u2009dBA). Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate associations (adjusted ORs and 95% CIs) between noise exposure levels and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately 77.4% of pregnant workers had quiet levels of occupational noise exposure, 11.0%, 10.1% and 1.5% had low, moderate and loud exposure levels, respectively. Compared with quiet levels of noise, pregnant workers exposed to low levels of noise had decreased odds of delivering an SGA infant (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.72; 95%\u2009CI 0.53 to 0.99) and those exposed to moderate levels had increased odds of delivering an SGA infant (aOR=1.37; 95%\u2009CI 1.05 to 1.77). No other significant associations were observed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Maternal occupational noise exposure below the 85 dBA threshold recognised as hazardous may be associated with SGA among infants. Elevated point estimates (&gt;1) were observed for the highest noise exposure category and all outcomes, though CIs were wide and statistical significance was not attained. Further research is warranted to address existing knowledge gaps.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2024-109928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T10:25:54Z","timestamp":1753179954000},"page":"222-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal occupational exposure to noise: prevalence, maternal effects and infant outcomes in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen W","family":"Van Buren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carissa M","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne T","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie A","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6555-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Nestoridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Surveillance, Research, and Promotion of Perinatal Health, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2062-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Ailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238963","article-title":"Occupational Noise: Auditory and Non-Auditory Consequences","volume":"17","author":"Sheppard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7118","article-title":"The Adverse Effects of Environmental Noise Exposure on Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"28","author":"M\u00fcnzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22833","article-title":"Cardiovascular conditions, hearing difficulty, and occupational noise exposure within US industries and occupations","volume":"61","author":"Kerns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.80148"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.59.8.392-399"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stress hormones in the research on cardiovascular effects of noise","volume":"5","author":"Babisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103641","article-title":"Prediction of occupational exposure limits for noise-induced non-auditory effects","volume":"99","author":"Golmohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht309.3508"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7390","article-title":"Noise exposure during the first trimester and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3913"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000555","article-title":"Impact of Road Traffic Pollution on Pre-eclampsia and Pregnancy-induced Hypertensive Disorders","volume":"28","author":"Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Sunnyvale)"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.060","article-title":"Environmental noise pollution and risk of preeclampsia","volume":"239","author":"Auger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-021-00194-4","article-title":"Health Effects of Occupational Noise","volume":"7","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pollution Rep"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807931"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp226"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101833"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329686"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.19","unstructured":"U.s. bureau of labor statistics. 2024. Available: http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ors [Accessed 16 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000124","article-title":"Prevalence of workers with shifts in hearing by industry: a comparison of OSHA and NIOSH Hearing Shift Criteria","volume":"56","author":"Masterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2017.19"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3285"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.23","unstructured":"American college of obstetricians and gynecologists (acog). 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.acog.org\/womens-health\/pretermbirth [Accessed 16 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Sunnyvale)"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.009"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868094","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women in the United States, 2006-2017: A Population-Based Study","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12494"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7897189","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic, Nativity, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal Hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015","volume":"2018","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.212"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112392","article-title":"Associations between Positive Health-Related Effects and Soundscapes Perceptual Constructs: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Aletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.32","unstructured":"Laughlin, LyndaLvonne, and U.S . Census bureau. maternity leave and employment patterns of first-time mothers: -2008. Washington, D.C Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau; 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2023691881\/"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.28.97","article-title":"Long-term care, from neonatal period to adulthood, of children born small for gestational age","volume":"28","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton B , Martin J , Osterman M . Vital statistics rapid release births: provisional data for 2023. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/vsrr\/vsrr035.pdf","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/151797"},{"key":"2025072303550962000_82.5.222.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314171"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2024-109928","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T17:40:33Z","timestamp":1753292433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2024-109928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2024-109928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2024-109928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}