{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:09:34Z","timestamp":1793156974274,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While work provides a crucial source of income and purpose, pain can be a significant limiting factor. Yet robust empirical evidence on the factors underlying the link between pain and being out of work remains scarce. We explore the longitudinal association between pain and being out of work and potential explanatory factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used nationally representative longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia Survey (n=25\u2009973, number of observations=233\u2009989, 2002\u20132022). We conducted individual fixed effects regressions with a wide range of covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that pain in a given year was significantly positively associated with the likelihood of being out of work the year after. Pain interference with work explained this link. This association was moderated by job control: participants who reported very severe pain and low job control were more likely (10.6%) to lose their job next year than those who reported very severe pain and high job control (6.7%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pain was associated with being out of work, with job control moderating that link. Having the autonomy to flexibly adapt the nature of work tasks to accommodate pain may protect against being out of work.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2025-110242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T15:15:11Z","timestamp":1757603711000},"page":"oemed-2025-110242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pain predicts being out of work, especially for those with low job control: longitudinal analysis of adults in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Macchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City St George\u2019s, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steger MF . 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In: The wiley blackwell handbook of the psychology of positivity and strengths-based approaches at work. 2016: 60\u201381.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118977620.ch5"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv224"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569001"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unemployment and happiness","volume":"94","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"izawol"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261891","article-title":"Further decoding the mystery of American pain: The importance of work","volume":"17","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001193"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112789","article-title":"Changes in mental health, pain, and drug misuse since the mid-1990s: Is there a link?","volume":"246","author":"Glei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01539-3","article-title":"Governments should measure pain when assessing societal wellbeing","volume":"7","author":"Macchia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.019","article-title":"The effect of chronic pain on life satisfaction: Evidence from Australian data","volume":"121","author":"McNamee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macchia L , Delaney L , Daly M . Global pain levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic Global pain levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Econ Hum Biol 2024;52. doi:10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101337"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2017.0012","article-title":"Where Have All the Workers Gone? An Inquiry into the Decline of the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate","volume":"2017","author":"Krueger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brookings Pap Econ Act"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-015-9572-7","article-title":"Rates and Correlates of Unemployment Across Four Common Chronic Pain Diagnostic Categories","volume":"25","author":"Giladi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275095","article-title":"Chronic pain: Evidence from the national child development study","volume":"17","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025091108150456000_oemed-2025-110242v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/kykl.12319","article-title":"Is pain associated with subsequent job loss? 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