{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:04:37Z","timestamp":1778252677376,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01 ES 049030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01 ES 049030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01 CP 010119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01 CP 010119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atrazine, an herbicide widely used in US agriculture, has been associated with kidney cancer and non-malignant kidney disease. However, the potential mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. We evaluated atrazine use and biomarkers of kidney function and nephrotoxicity among male farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our investigation included three groups of farmers defined based on atrazine use: (1) both recent (last 3\u2009months) and past use (continuous users; n=83); (2) high lifetime use (\u2265178.5 lifetime days) but no recent use (former high users; n=88) and (3) never\/low lifetime use (&lt;50 lifetime days) and no recent use (never\/low users; n=75). Biomarkers were measured in serum (creatinine, cystatin C, urea nitrogen, uric acid) and urine (kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), albumin, creatinine). The 2021 CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation was used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcr-cys). We estimated the percentage difference (95% CI) in each marker across groups using multivariable linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with farmers with never\/low atrazine use, continuous users had statistically significantly lower eGFRcr-cys (\u22129.4%; 95%\u2009CI \u201316.1% to \u20132.2%) and higher serum creatinine (9.4%; 95%\u2009CI: 1.6% to 17.9%) and cystatin C (10.8%; 95%\u2009CI 2.0% to 20.4%); no associations with these markers were observed for the former high users. We also observed higher uric acid for both former high and continuous users and lower urea nitrogen for former high users, although these associations were not statistically significant. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio and KIM-1 levels did not differ across groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings add to the evidence that continued atrazine use is associated with diminished kidney function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2025-110386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:20:29Z","timestamp":1762885229000},"page":"469-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atrazine use and markers of kidney function and nephrotoxicity among male farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Andreotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph J","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Disease Phenomics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6776-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale P","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M","family":"Lukkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard V","family":"Remigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine G","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky C","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkata","family":"Sabbisetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1294-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E","family":"Beane Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy B","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan N","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.1","unstructured":"Agency, U. 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Washington DC EPA; 2020."},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075397","article-title":"Characterization of Arsenic and Atrazine Contaminations in Drinking Water in Iowa: A Public Health Concern","volume":"20","author":"Roh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158498","article-title":"Atrazine pollution in groundwater and raw bovine milk: Water quality, bioaccumulation and human risk assessment","volume":"852","author":"Urseler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2006.12.3.260"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2024-0094","article-title":"A review of the potential adverse health impacts of 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exposure to the herbicide atrazine promotes kidney fibrosis by activating Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling in rats","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21608\/jalexu.2022.117684.1044","article-title":"Biochemical Effects of Treatments with Herbicide Atrazine in Male Albino Rats","volume":"27","author":"Khozimy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060604"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1496"},{"key":"2025120301301083000_82.10.469.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3214","article-title":"Serum uric acid levels and risk of kidney cancer incidence and mortality: A prospective cohort 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