{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1781259593949,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2P20GM121301-06A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P20GM121301-06A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 CA176726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to evaluate whether rotating night shift work increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 50 122 Nurses\u2019 Health Study II participants who were parous at baseline in 1989 or at any time during follow-up through 2019. Using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the HRs and 95% CIs for the associations between cumulative years of rotating night shift work and incident type 2 diabetes, overall, and by history of GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with participants who never engaged in rotating night shift work, we observed a graded increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes with cumulative years of rotating night shift work: HR (95% CI) 1.14 (1.04 to 1.24) for &lt;5 years, 1.32 (1.17 to 1.49) for 5\u201310 years and 1.32 (1.16 to 1.50) for &gt;10 years (p-linear trend &lt;0.001). Stratifying by history of GDM, we observed a similar pattern of associations among participants without a history of GDM, but not among those with a history of GDM (p-interaction=0.02). History of GDM was strongly associated with risk of incident type 2 diabetes in all women, including those who never worked rotating night shifts: HR (95% CI) 4.76 (3.90 to 5.81).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative years of rotating night shift work were modestly associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, overall, and among nurses without a history of GDM. Rotating night shift work was not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes among individuals with a history of GDM, an exceptionally high-risk subgroup for type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2025-110594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T18:20:40Z","timestamp":1769624440000},"page":"16-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rotating night shift work, gestational diabetes and risk of type 2 diabetes among US nurses"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6979-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary and Population Health Research, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Frankenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary and Population Health Research, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Schernhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna Center for Public Health, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Strohmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna Center for Public Health, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby F","family":"Fleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary and Population Health Research, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Rich-Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre K","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.1","unstructured":"Job flexibilities and work schedules in 2017-18: spotlight on statistics: U.S. bureau of labor statistics. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/spotlight\/2020\/job-flexibilities-and-work-schedules\/ [Accessed 22 May 2025]."},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2155-8256(21)00027-2","article-title":"The 2020 National Nursing Workforce Survey","volume":"12","author":"Smiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Regul"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200604000-00030","article-title":"How long and how much are nurses now working?","volume":"106","author":"Trinkoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001141","article-title":"Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834e1ea3"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.11.3178"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4454"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac297","article-title":"Associations between evening shift work, irregular sleep timing, and gestational diabetes in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b)","volume":"46","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102150"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198125"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114410109"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207768109"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)61038-2"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0378"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1546"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808180106"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102292"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.2005"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1997.6.49"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550130052036"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90664-B"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.5.991"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3747"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01808-w","article-title":"Association between night shift work and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort-based meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0142","article-title":"Sleep Characteristics and Long-Term Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With Gestational Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730416682110","article-title":"Social Jetlag Among Night Workers is Negatively Associated with the Frequency of Moderate or Vigorous Physical Activity and with Energy Expenditure Related to Physical Activity","volume":"32","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000426","article-title":"Relationship of night and shift work with weight change and lifestyle behaviors","volume":"57","author":"Bekkers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4104","article-title":"Night and shift work patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in a prospective cohort study of healthcare employees","volume":"49","author":"Viklund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103342"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.31","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Center for Health Workforce Analysis . Brief summary results from the 2018 national sample survey of registered nurses, rockville, maryland. n.d. Available: http:\/\/bhw.hrsa.gov\/healthworkforce\/index.html"},{"key":"2026041705150878000_83.1.16.32","unstructured":"NORA Healthcare and Social Assistance, Sector Council . Tate of the sector | healthcare and social assistance: identification of research opportunities for the next decade of nora. 2009. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009-139\/pdfs\/2009-139.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB2009139"}],"container-title":["Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2025-110594","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:16:04Z","timestamp":1776428164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/oemed-2025-110594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/oemed-2025-110594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2025-110594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0711","1470-7926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0711","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-7926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}