{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:28:44Z","timestamp":1792787324640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"name":"North Ostrobothnia Regional Fund of the Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["60241591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60241591"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027xav248","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ERDF European Regional Development Fund","award":["539\/2010 A31592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["539\/2010 A31592"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON EUROPE","award":["101137146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137146"]}]},{"name":"Oulu University Hospital","award":["24301140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24301140"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045ney286","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Oulu","award":["24000692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24000692"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yj89h83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101169653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101169653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occup Environ Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evening chronotypes (E) generally have poorer health than morning chronotypes (M), but whether this translates into disability pensions (DPs) is poorly known. We examined whether chronotype at age 46 predicts incident DPs over a 12-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2012, we determined chronotype among the non-retired participants of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n=5679) using the short Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire, further validated by comparing the participants\u2019 survey scores at age 46 with their polygenic scores for morningness (PGS\n                      <jats:sub>morn<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) at age 31 (n=5130). We used Cox regression to calculate HRs with 95% CIs of incident DPs until age 57 (years 2012\u20132023), adjusting for factors related to socioeconomic status, health, sleep and working times at age 46.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 253 men (9.7%) and 381 women (12.4%) were E-types. The PGS\n                      <jats:sub>morn<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlated with the chronotype (p&lt;0.001). During follow-up, 135 men (5.2%) and 249 women (8.1%) were granted their first DP. For E-types, the corresponding proportions were 8.3% and 12.1%, respectively. Compared with M-types, the unadjusted HRs (95% CIs) for DPs among E-types were 1.72 (1.04 to 2.83) in men and 1.73 (1.22 to 2.46) in women. Adjusting for socioeconomic factors did not attenuate the results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The higher incidence of DPs among E-types in the core productive years of work careers represents a major challenge for sustainable national economies. Further research and action to support health and work ability among E-types are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2026-110995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:24:53Z","timestamp":1791095093000},"page":"oemed-2026-110995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evening chronotype and disability pensions: 12-year register-based follow-up of middle-aged adults from the Northern Finland birth cohort 1966"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapio","family":"R\u00e4ih\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Oulu University Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Merikanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Oulu University Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6451-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iiro","family":"Nerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Oulu University Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Kantoj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Oulu University Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4531-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Ala-Mursula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, Oulu University Faculty of Medicine, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Wellbeing Services County of North Ostrobothnia, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eveliina","family":"Heikkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Wellbeing Services County of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0179-2"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.842924"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.07.046","article-title":"Increase in eveningness and insufficient sleep among adults in population-based cross-sections from 2007 to 2017","volume":"75","author":"Merikanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001365","article-title":"Stability of morningness\/eveningness and changes in sleep and mental health during mid-adulthood","volume":"43","author":"Merikanto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1176927"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2215342","article-title":"Chronotype and mortality - a 37-year follow-up study in Finnish adults","volume":"40","author":"Hublin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730414564786"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0162-z","article-title":"The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Facer-Childs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-107193"},{"key":"2026100100250454000_oemed-2026-110995v2.11","unstructured":"University of Oulu . 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