{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:38:18Z","timestamp":1792798698970,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse Nord RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF 1458-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF 1458-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Russian Academy of Science","award":["122031700094-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122031700094-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Russian Academy of Science","award":["HNF 1458-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF 1458-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qrfxd25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strain artefacts are known to hamper the correct interpretation of segmental strain and strain-rate (S\/SR). Defining the normal ranges of myocardial segmental deformation is important in clinical studies and routine echocardiographic practice. In order to define artefact-free normal ranges for segmental longitudinal S\/SR parameters, we investigated the extent to which different types of artefacts and their segmental localisation in the three different myocardial layers created a bias in the results of echocardiographic strain measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included echocardiograms from men and women aged 40\u201369 years from two population-based studies, namely the Know Your Heart study (Russia) and the Troms\u00f8 Study (Norway). Of the 2207 individuals from these studies, 840 had normal results, defined as the absence of hypertension or indicators of any cardiovascular disease. Two-dimensional (2D) global and segmental S\/SR of the three myocardial layers were analysed using speckle tracking echocardiography. Artefacts were assessed with two different methods: visual identification of image-artefacts and a novel conceptual approach of \u2018curve-artefacts\u2019 or unphysiological strain-curve formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Segmental strain values were found to have significantly reduced in the presence of strain-curve artefacts (14.9%\u00b15.8% towards \u221220.7%\u00b14.9%), and increased with the foreshortening of the 2D image. However, the individual global strain values were not substantially altered by discarding segmental artefacts. Reduction due to artefacts was observed in all segments, layers, systolic and diastolic strain, and SR. Thus, we presented normal ranges for basal-septal, basal, medial and apical segment groups after excluding artefacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strain-curve artefacts introduce systematic errors, resulting in reduced segmental S\/SR values. In terms of artefact-robust global longitudinal strain, the detection of curve-artefacts is crucial for the correct interpretation of segmental S\/SR patterns. Intersegmental S\/SR gradients and artefacts need to be considered for the correct definition of normalcy and pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2022-002136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T11:04:38Z","timestamp":1670929478000},"page":"e002136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Novel approach to artefact detection and the definition of normal ranges of segmental strain and strain-rate values"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Kornev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University, Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatice Akay","family":"Caglayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University, Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University, Tromso, Norway"},{"name":"International Research Competence Center, Northern State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Arhangel'sk, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Malyutina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian 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