{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:33:16Z","timestamp":1788877996202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP1174120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1174120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex differences have not been fully explored for certain risk factors or by age or age-related factors, such as menopause. We addressed this issue in a large population cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>UK Biobank participants with \u22651\u2009risk factor measured at baseline were included. We assessed sex differences, by age and menopausal status, in prevalence, treatment and control of cardiometabolic risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>501\u2009389 adults (54.4%\u2009women, mean age 56.6 (SD 8.1) years) were included. Mean risk factor levels that were lower in women than men include systolic blood pressure (women-to-men difference: \u22125.6\u2009mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (\u22123.4\u2009mm Hg), body mass index (\u22120.75\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), waist circumference (\u221212.2\u2009cm), triglycerides (0.34\u2009mmol\/L), glycated haemoglobin (\u22120.52\u2009mmol\/mol) and glucose (\u22120.08\u2009mmol\/L), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.31\u2009mmol\/L) and C reactive protein (+0.08\u2009mg\/L) were higher among women. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were lower in women than men at younger ages (\u22120.23 and \u22120.30\u2009mmol\/L, respectively, at &lt;50 years), and higher at older ages (+0.74\u2009and +0.41\u2009mmol\/L, at \u226560 years). Total cholesterol and LDL-C were lower in premenopausal women (\u22120.29 and \u22120.34\u2009mmol\/L, respectively) and higher in postmenopausal women (+0.61\u2009and +0.31\u2009mmol\/L), compared with similarly aged men. Prevalence was lower among women than men for current smoking (\u22123.6%), hypertension (\u221213.9%), obesity (\u22121.9%) and diabetes (\u22122.0%), and sex differences were smaller at older ages and in postmenopausal women. Dyslipidaemia prevalence was lower in women aged &lt;50 years (\u22128.8%) and premenopausal women (\u221211.0%), and higher in women aged \u226560 years (+5.4%) and postmenopausal women (+4.6%). Treatment and control of dyslipidaemia were lower in women than men (\u221212.5% and \u221212.6%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective public health policy is required to address suboptimal risk factor prevalence, treatment and control in both sexes. Targeted interventions may be warranted to address dyslipidaemia among women at older ages.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2025-003182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T16:45:42Z","timestamp":1741020342000},"page":"e003182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Variations in sex differences in major cardiometabolic risk factors by age and menopause status: results from the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7409-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca Kathe","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-2869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Muntner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Imperial College London, The George Institute for Global Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv598"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1352675","article-title":"Update on sex specific risk factors in cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035550"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinho-Gomes AC , Peters SAE , Thomson B , et al . Sex differences in prevalence, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in England. Heart 2020.:heartjnl-2020-317446. doi:10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317446","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317446"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen19X101645","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular risk management for people with diabetes in primary care: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"de Jong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00131-8","article-title":"Age-dependent sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Zhernakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000677"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001191"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309955"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA2102953\/SUPPL_FILE\/NEJMOA2102953_DISCLOSURES.PDF"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13944-w","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiovascular diseases risk calculators for CVDs prevention and management: scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Badawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315299"},{"key":"2025081612243226000_12.1.e003182.17","unstructured":"The health and social care information centre . 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