{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1777307363632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":136,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023A1515012394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220531094006013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220531094006013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between \u03b2-blocker use and all-cause mortality in a real-world cohort of patients with myocardial infarction (MI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 2308 patients with MI from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132018. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Multiple approaches were employed to control for confounding, including multivariable Cox regression, propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on data from 2308 patients with MI in the NHANES 1999\u20132018, with a mean follow-up of 84.6 months, this study evaluated the association between \u03b2-blocker use and all-cause mortality. The unadjusted analysis showed a significant protective effect (HR 0.81, 95%\u2009CI 0.68 to 0.96, p=0.0178). However, after multivariable adjustment for demographic, clinical and socioeconomic factors, as well as propensity score-based methods and inverse probability of treatment weighting, no significant association was observed (e.g., adjusted HR 1.04, 95%\u2009CI 0.87 to 1.25, p=0.6733). Stratified analyses did not reveal significant effect modification by any covariate (all p interaction value &gt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for measured confounders, this analysis found no significant association between \u03b2-blocker use and all-cause mortality in this real-world MI cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2025-003757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1763107519000},"page":"e003757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of \u03b2-blocker use and all-cause mortality in patients with myocardial infarction: a real-world analysis of the NHANES 1999\u20132018 database"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1363-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongde","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Beijing City University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yansun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3499-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannv","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen University, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111400051297000_12.2.e003757.1","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Beta-blocker therapy after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2025111400051297000_12.2.e003757.2","first-page":"2798","article-title":"Long-term effects of beta-blockers on cardiovascular mortality after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Magnocavallo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart 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