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Extracranial internal carotid artery dissections comprise 70%\u201380% and extracranial vertebral dissections account for about 15% of all CAD. Aetiopathogenesis of CAD is incompletely understood, though trauma, respiratory infections, and underlying arteriopathy are considered important. A typical picture of local pain, headache, and ipsilateral Horner\u2019s syndrome followed after several hours by cerebral or retinal ischaemia is rare. Doppler ultrasound, MRI\/MRA, and CT angiography are useful non-invasive diagnostic tests. The treatment of extracranial CAD is mainly medical using anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents although controlled studies to show their effectiveness are lacking. The prognosis of extracranial CAD is generally much better than that of the intracranial CAD. Recurrences are rare in CAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.016774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]],"date-time":"2005-06-03T16:53:24Z","timestamp":1117817604000},"page":"383-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Thanvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Medicine, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Munshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke Medicine, Leicester General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S L","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke Medicine, Leicester General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T G","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Warwick Medical School, Leicester General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042408280899800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100024690","article-title":"Spontaneous dissection of cervico-cerebral arteries","volume":"5","author":"Fisher","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023042408280899800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199402103300604","article-title":"Recurrent spontaneous cervical-artery dissection","volume":"330","author":"Schievink","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042408280899800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30236-6","article-title":"Ischaemic stroke in patients under age 45","volume":"10","author":"Bogousslavsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2023042408280899800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.11.1678","article-title":"Internal carotid artery dissection in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1987\u20131992","volume":"24","author":"Schievink","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023042408280899800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000109025","article-title":"Vertebraobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects: I. 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