{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:13:59Z","timestamp":1791900839552,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"945","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency which carries hospital mortality in excess of 10%. The most important causes are peptic ulcer and varices. Varices are treated by endoscopic band ligation or injection sclerotherapy and management of the underlying liver disease. Ulcers with major stigmata are treated by injection with dilute adrenaline, thrombin, or fibrin glue; application of heat using the heater probe, multipolar electrocoagulation, or Argon plasma coagulation; or endoclips. Intravenous omeprazole reduces the risk of re-bleeding in ulcer patients undergoing endoscopic therapy. Repeat endoscopic therapy or operative surgery are required if bleeding recurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.017558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]],"date-time":"2004-07-14T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1089826251000},"page":"399-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Management of haematemesis and melaena"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050810343696500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6999.222","article-title":"Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"311","author":"Rockall","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.3.316","article-title":"Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"38","author":"Rockall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.3.331","article-title":"Validation of the Rockall scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"44","author":"Vreeburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02816-6","article-title":"A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"356","author":"Blatchford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6490.245","article-title":"Importance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent haemorrhage from peptic ulceration: a prospective evaluation","volume":"291","author":"Bornman","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197906213002503","article-title":"The visible vessel as an indicator of uncontrolled or recurrent gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"300","author":"Griffiths","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R7","article-title":"Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage guidelines","volume-title":"Gut","author":"British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Section","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R8","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Evidence based gastroenterology and hepatology","author":"Church","year":"1999"},{"issue":"suppl 11","key":"2023050810343696500_R9","article-title":"UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients","volume":"46","author":"Jalan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6637.1631","article-title":"Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for actively bleeding ulcers; a randomised trial","volume":"296","author":"Chung","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.5.608","article-title":"Endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus ethanolamine oleate","volume":"35","author":"Choudari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)03233-9","article-title":"Randomized trial of single and repeated fibrin glue compared with injection of polidocanol in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer","volume":"350","author":"Rutgerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8780566","article-title":"Endoscopic injection for bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline with adrenaline plus human thrombin","volume":"111","author":"Kubba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760606","article-title":"Controlled trial of heater probe in bleeding peptic ulcers","volume":"76","author":"Fullarton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2023050810343696500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706253162601","article-title":"Multipolar electrocoagulation in the treatment of active upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. 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