{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:57:41Z","timestamp":1782925061351,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"947","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chorea refers to irregular, flowing, non-stereotyped, random, involuntary movements that often possess a writhing quality referred to as choreoathetosis. When mild, chorea can be difficult to differentiate from restlessness. When chorea is proximal and of large amplitude, it is called ballism. Chorea is usually worsened by anxiety and stress and subsides during sleep. Most patients attempt to disguise chorea by incorporating it into a purposeful activity. Whereas ballism is most often encountered as hemiballism due to contralateral structural lesions of the subthalamic nucleus and\/or its afferent or efferent projections, chorea may be the expression of a wide range of disorders, including metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neurodegenerative, as well as drug induced syndromes. In clinical practice, Sydenham\u2019s chorea is the most common form of childhood chorea, whereas Huntington\u2019s disease and drug induced chorea account for the majority of adult onset cases. The aim of this review is to provide an up to date discussion of this disorder, as well as a practical approach to its management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.019356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]],"date-time":"2004-09-08T17:02:32Z","timestamp":1094662952000},"page":"527-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Chorea and related disorders"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Bhidayasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC) of West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D D","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s and Movement Disorder Institute , Fountain Valley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050810452557600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/306234a0","article-title":"A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"306","author":"Gusella","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease: genetics and epidemiology","volume":"36","author":"Conneally","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R3","first-page":"317","article-title":"On chorea","volume":"26","author":"Huntington","year":"1872","journal-title":"Medical and Surgical Reporter"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.10.1279","article-title":"The diagnosis of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Folstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194305","article-title":"The epidemiology of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Harper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington\u2019s disease chromosomes","volume":"72","author":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Collaborative Research Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0893-393","article-title":"Relationship between trinucleotide repeat expansion and phenotypic variation in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Snell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2023050810452557600_R8","first-page":"II22","article-title":"Genetics of movement disorders and ataxia","volume":"73","author":"Jarman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.1998.0151","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease: neurological assessment of potential gene carriers presenting for predictive DNA testing","volume":"7","author":"Cusker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70041-4","article-title":"Chorea and its disorders","volume":"19","author":"Higgins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00169-1","article-title":"Ocular motor abnormalities in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Lasker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"2023050810452557600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.2.172","article-title":"Are cognitive changes the first symptoms of Huntington\u2019s disease? 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