{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:24:16Z","timestamp":1788405856221,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"954","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After returning from the Beagle in 1836, Charles Darwin suffered for over 40 years from long bouts of vomiting, gut pain, headaches, severe tiredness, skin problems, and depression. Twenty doctors failed to treat him. Many books and papers have explained Darwin\u2019s mystery illness as organic or psychosomatic, including arsenic poisoning, Chagas\u2019 disease, multiple allergy, hypochondria, or bereavement syndrome. None stand up to full scrutiny. His medical history shows he had an organic problem, exacerbated by depression. Here we show that all Darwin\u2019s symptoms match systemic lactose intolerance. Vomiting and gut problems showed up two to three hours after a meal, the time it takes for lactose to reach the large intestine. His family history shows a major inherited component, as with genetically predisposed hypolactasia. Darwin only got better when, by chance, he stopped taking milk and cream. Darwin\u2019s illness highlights something else he missed\u2014the importance of lactose in mammalian and human evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,5]],"date-time":"2005-04-05T14:14:14Z","timestamp":1112710454000},"page":"248-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Darwin\u2019s illness revealed"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Anthony K","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Darwin Centre for Biology and Medicine , Milton, Pembrokeshire , UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie B","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Darwin Centre for Biology and Medicine , Milton, Pembrokeshire , UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Llandough Hospital, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust , Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042408260594800_R1","volume-title":"The correspondence of Charles Darwin 1821\u20131836","author":"Burkhardt","year":"1863"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R2","volume-title":"Life and Letters of Charles Darwin","author":"Darwin","year":"1887"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R3","first-page":"628","article-title":"The late Charles Darwin","volume":"1","author":"Anon","year":"1882","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R4","first-page":"714","article-title":"Charles Robert Darwin FRS, obituary","volume":"i","author":"Anon","year":"1882","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1901.3.1.02a00090","article-title":"The ill health of Charles Darwin: its nature and its relation to his work","volume":"3","author":"Johnston","year":"1901","journal-title":"Amer Anthropologist"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R6","first-page":"103","article-title":"Charles Darwin","volume":"1","author":"Gould","year":"1903","journal-title":"Biographic Clinics"},{"key":"2023042408260594800_R7","volume-title":"To be an invalid. 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