{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:26:53Z","timestamp":1783542413265,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"964","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Priapism is a pathological condition of penile erection that persists beyond, or is unrelated to, sexual stimulation. Pathologically and clinically, two subtypes are seen\u2014the high flow (non-ischaemic) variety and the low flow (ischaemic) priapism. The low flow type is more dangerous, as these patients are susceptible to greater complications and the long term recovery of erectile function is dependent on prompt and urgent intervention. Many of the causes of priapism are medical, including pharmacological agents, and as such, priapism should be considered as a medical and surgical emergency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.037291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T16:38:37Z","timestamp":1138984717000},"page":"89-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Medical and surgical management of priapism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Cherian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Bradford Royal Infirmary , Bradford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A R","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Wexham Park Hospital , Slough, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Thwaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, St Bartholomew's and Royal London Hospitals , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Kapasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Harlow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I S","family":"Shergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Harlow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Samman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Harlow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309601118","article-title":"Of gods and leeches: treatment of priapism in the nineteenth century","volume":"96","author":"Hodgson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(88)90252-X","article-title":"Priapus and priapism: from mythology to medicine","volume":"32","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00313.x","article-title":"The urology of Pharaonic Egypt","volume":"84","author":"Shokeir","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-191412000-00004","article-title":"Priapism: report of cases in a clinical study of the literature with referance to its pathogenesis and surgical treatments","volume":"60","author":"Hinman","year":"1914","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)86187-6","article-title":"Case of continued priapism","volume":"ii","author":"Tripe","year":"1845","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)65731-8","article-title":"Priapism: reasons for failure of therapy","volume":"83","author":"Hinman","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)65655-6","article-title":"A new concept in the management of priapism","volume":"83","author":"Burt","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000280878","article-title":"Erection and priapism: a new physiopathological concept","volume":"38","author":"Hauri","year":"1983","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib9","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Textbook of sexual medicine","author":"Kolodny","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)00941-4","article-title":"Incidence of priapism in the general population","volume":"57","author":"Eland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib11","first-page":"456","article-title":"Priapism of the glans and corpus spongiosum. Report of two cases with angiography","volume":"44","author":"Kolbenstvedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41904-5","article-title":"Experience with 105 patients with priapism: update review of all aspects","volume":"140","author":"Winter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)49257-3","article-title":"Priapism associated with the use of intravenous fat emulsion: case reports and postulated pathogenesis","volume":"133","author":"Klein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib14","first-page":"380","article-title":"Factors predisposing to priapism in haemodialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Fassbinder","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38445-8","article-title":"Recurrent prolonged erections and priapism as a sequele of priapism: pathophysiology and management","volume":"145","author":"Levine","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51166-0","article-title":"Priapism and anaesthesia: new considerations. (Letter)","volume":"130","author":"Chin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000046303.22757.f2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of priapism: dysregulatory erection physiology thesis","volume":"170","author":"Burnett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194812092392401","article-title":"The effect of injury to the spinal cord and cauda equina on the sexual potency of men","volume":"239","author":"Munro","year":"1948","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.3.280","article-title":"Cauda equina compression presenting as spontaneous priapism","volume":"42","author":"Ravindran","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib20","first-page":"38","article-title":"A lesson in neurology from the hangman","volume":"91","author":"Gallagher","year":"1995","journal-title":"J S C Med Assoc"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330220022011","article-title":"Priapism and impotence in homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"140","author":"Emond","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37166-5","article-title":"Clozapine associated priapism: a case report","volume":"147","author":"Seftel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000138779.78633.0c","article-title":"Olanzapine-induced clitoral priapism","volume":"24","author":"Bucur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199907000-00009","article-title":"Nefazodone induced clitoral priapism","volume":"14","author":"Brodie-Meijer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Clin Psycopharmacol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2004.01.046","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma presenting as clitoral priapism","volume":"93","author":"DiGiorgi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(77)90253-9","article-title":"Priapism in preterm infant","volume":"9","author":"Amile","year":"1977","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)57182-7","article-title":"Idiopathic priapism in the new born","volume":"120","author":"Leal","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45549-2","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the erectile tissue in priapism","volume":"135","author":"Spycher","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000087608.07371.ca","article-title":"American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism","volume":"170","author":"Montague","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64299-1","article-title":"Management strategy for the arterial priapism: therapeutic dilemmas","volume":"168","author":"Hatzichristou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62103-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic high flow priapism: successful management using duplex guided compression","volume":"161","author":"Mabjessh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901231","article-title":"Investigation of cavernosal smooth muscle dysfunction in low flow priapism using an in-vitro model","volume":"17","author":"Muneer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib33","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of priapism lasting 24 hours or longer caused by intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs","volume":"7","author":"Kulmala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35817-2","article-title":"Association of sickle cell disease, priapism, exchange transfusion and neurological events: ASPEN syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Siegel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00872.x","article-title":"Priapism secondary to leukaemia: Effective management with prompt leukopheresis","volume":"11","author":"Ponniah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000464011","article-title":"Intracorporeal self-injection with epinephrine as treatment for idiopathic recurrent priapism","volume":"17","author":"van","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382004000200007","article-title":"Successful mamangement of stuttering priapism using home self-injections of the aplha agonist metaraminol","volume":"30","author":"McDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199501000-00054","article-title":"Management of recurrent priapism with epinephrine self-injection and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue","volume":"153","author":"Steinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(76)90498-2","article-title":"Cure of idiopathic priapism: new procedure for creating fistula between glans penis and corpora cavernosa","volume":"8","author":"Winter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)57440-6","article-title":"Priapism cured by creation of fistulas between glans penis and corpora cavernosa","volume":"119","author":"Winter","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib41","first-page":"241","article-title":"A new operation for priapism","volume":"8","author":"Ebbehoj","year":"1974","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000081291.37860.a5","article-title":"Efficacy of shunt surgery for refractory low flow priapism: A report on the incidence of failed detumescence and erectile dysfunction","volume":"170","author":"Nixon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)60651-7","article-title":"Cavernospongiosum shunt in the treatment of priapism","volume":"108","author":"Sacher","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib44","first-page":"509","article-title":"Venous bypass to control priapism","volume":"1","author":"Grayhack","year":"1964","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cure of a patient suffering from priapism by caverno-spongiosa ansatomosis","volume":"32","author":"Quackles","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Urol Belg"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.03058.x","article-title":"The management of low-flow priapism with the immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis","volume":"90","author":"Rees","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66444-9","article-title":"Evolvong concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial high flow priapism","volume":"155","author":"Hakim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072329","article-title":"Post-traumatic arterial priapism in child: a study of four cases","volume":"10","author":"Moscovici","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00045-9","article-title":"Post-traumatic priapism treated with selective cavernosal artery ligation","volume":"49","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20142","article-title":"Follow-up of sickle cell disease patients with priapism treated by hydroxyurea","volume":"77","author":"Saad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901165","article-title":"Gabapentin in the management of the recurrent, refractory, idiopathic priapism","volume":"16","author":"Permenis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90338-B","article-title":"Placebo-controlled study of oral terbutaline and pseudoephedrine in management of prostaglandin E1-induced prolonged erections","volume":"42","author":"Lowe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35111-X","article-title":"Oral terbutaline for the treatment of priapism","volume":"151","author":"Govier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib54","first-page":"303","article-title":"Methylene blue: an effective therapeutic alternative for priapism induced by intracavernous injection of vasoactive agents","volume":"55","author":"Martinez-Portillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1023\/B:UROL.0000025617.97048.ae","article-title":"Methylene blue as a means of treatment for priapism caused by intracavernous injection to combat erectile dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Hubler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67479-2","article-title":"High Flow Priapism Associated with Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"153","author":"Ramos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64201-2","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent idiopathic priapism with oral baclofen","volume":"168","author":"Rourke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000065764.54470.bf","article-title":"Priapism following ingestion of tamsulosin","volume":"169","author":"Dodds","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68018-4","article-title":"Doxazosin and priapism","volume":"163","author":"Avisrror","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100746","article-title":"Prolonged penile erection association with terazosin in a cervical spinal cord injury patient","volume":"36","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib61","first-page":"205","article-title":"Prazosin-induced priapism","volume":"64","author":"Banos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00610-X","article-title":"Sildenafil citrate-associated priapism","volume":"55","author":"Sur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023042013492717200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000049199.37765.c9","article-title":"Testosterone induced priapism in Kallmann's syndrome","volume":"169","author":"Shergill","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/82\/964\/89\/50024245\/postgradmedj-82-89.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/82\/964\/89\/50024245\/postgradmedj-82-89.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T16:56:45Z","timestamp":1682009805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/82\/964\/89\/7045200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"964","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2005.037291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}}}