{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:39:58Z","timestamp":1784259598367,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"995","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) are increasingly detected with the widespread use of chest computed tomography (CT) scans. The primary goal of the evaluation of these nodules is to determine whether they are malignant or benign. Clinical factors such as older age, tobacco smoking and current or remote history of malignancy increase the pre-test likelihood of malignancy. Radiological features of the SPN based on chest CT with high resolution cuts are critical in differentiating between benign or malignant lesions. These features include size, change in size, the presence and pattern of calcification, edge characteristics, attenuation, and contrast enhancement. SPNs that are stable in size for &amp;gt;2 years and those with benign pattern of calcification do not need further studies. Lesions with clear change in size are malignant until proven otherwise and require tissue diagnosis. Frequently, the aetiology of the SPN following chest CT scan remains indeterminate and requires further evaluation. The approach to the management of indeterminate SPN ranges between observation with repeat chest CT scan, further diagnostic studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) scan, or invasive procedures to obtain tissue diagnosis. These procedures include bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspirate, and resection by video assisted thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Determination of which approach to follow depends on the pre-test probability of malignancy, whether the patient is a surgical candidate, and the patient's informed preferences. This article reviews the radiological features of the SPN and their value in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. This is followed by discussion of the different approaches to the management of the SPN after initial characterisation by chest CT scan, including the benefits and limitations of the different diagnostic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.063545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T17:13:04Z","timestamp":1224609184000},"page":"459-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"A O","family":"Soubani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195605312542202","article-title":"Outcome of solitary pulmonary nodules discovered in an x-ray screening program","volume":"254","author":"Comstock","year":"1956","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-5029(05)80012-4","article-title":"Management of solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"37","author":"Lillington","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/028418699431320","article-title":"Survival of cancer patients in Finland, 1955\u20131994","volume":"38","author":"Berrino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)00140-X","article-title":"Prognostic factors in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"67","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20001201)89:11+<2345::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Lung cancer screening in cigarette smokers in the province of Varese, Italy","volume":"89","author":"Dominioni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060476","article-title":"Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening","volume":"355","author":"Henschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.1.g00ja0343","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: part I. Morphologic evaluation for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions","volume":"20","author":"Erasmus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2005.00653.x","article-title":"Visible male nipple shadows in chest radiographs","volume":"10","author":"Ohwada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9812152","article-title":"Evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"162","author":"Ost","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.2.1732947","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodule: CT evaluation of enhancement with iodinated contrast material\u2014a preliminary report","volume":"182","author":"Swensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.160.2.3726105","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: CT assessment","volume":"160","author":"Siegelman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.160.2.3726107","article-title":"CT of the pulmonary nodule: a cooperative study","volume":"160","author":"Zerhouni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60136-0","article-title":"Approach to the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"68","author":"Midthun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.2.8421743","article-title":"Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part I. Theory","volume":"186","author":"Gurney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70177-9","article-title":"Small solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"38","author":"Yankelevitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80225-3","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule: update 1995","volume":"99","author":"Libby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.1.100","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of malignancy in resected solitary pulmonary lesions","volume":"109","author":"Rubins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(02)00297-8","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.1.128","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule. Assessment, diagnosis, and management","volume":"91","author":"Khouri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.70.3.332","article-title":"The coin lesion story: update 1976. Twenty years' experience with thoracotomy for 179 suspected malignant coin lesions","volume":"70","author":"Ray","year":"1976","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1975.01360110116019","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule. Ten-year follow-up of veterans administration-armed forces cooperative study","volume":"110","author":"Higgins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)33683-9","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule. Report of a cooperative study of resected asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules in males","volume":"46","author":"Steele","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.36.3.231","article-title":"The solitary circumscribed pulmonary lesion due to bronchogenic carcinoma: a 3-year follow-up study of 94 surgically treated patients","volume":"36","author":"Vance","year":"1959","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440290031002","article-title":"The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules","volume":"157","author":"Swensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00997-6","article-title":"Significance of a single pulmonary nodule in patients with previous history of malignancy","volume":"20","author":"Sortini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.1.r00oc20257","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with extrapulmonary neoplasms","volume":"217","author":"Quint","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.1.154","article-title":"AIDS-related bronchogenic carcinoma: fact or fiction?","volume":"113","author":"Parker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2351041662","article-title":"CT screening for lung cancer: five-year prospective experience","volume":"235","author":"Swensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.2.2014294","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodule: high-resolution CT and radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"179","author":"Zwirewich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.214.1.r00ja1473","article-title":"Lung nodule enhancement at CT: multicenter study","volume":"214","author":"Swensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2391050343","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"239","author":"Winer-Muram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1053\/stcs.2002.33154","article-title":"The pulmonologist's perspective regarding the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"14","author":"Mazzone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.1.1760201","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule on chest radiography: can we really tell if the nodule is calcified?","volume":"176","author":"Berger","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.2.2014295","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: comparison of classification with standard, thin-section, and reference phantom CT","volume":"179","author":"Khan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.5.1538","article-title":"Chest CT for known or suspected lung cancer","volume":"106","author":"Colice","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(65)80033-2","article-title":"An analysis of 155 solitary lung lesions illustrating the differential diagnosis of mixed tumours of the lung","volume":"16","author":"Bateson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.154.2.2153329","article-title":"CT demonstration of calcification in carcinoma of the lung","volume":"154","author":"Mahoney","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.1.29","article-title":"Dystrophic calcification in carcinoma of the lung: demonstration by CT","volume":"148","author":"Stewart","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199411000-00004","article-title":"CT demonstration of calcification in carcinoma of the lung","volume":"18","author":"Grewal","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40835-0","article-title":"Asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules. Host survival, tumor size, and growth rate","volume":"65","author":"Steele","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.65.1.3","article-title":"Tumor doubling time and survival of men with bronchogenic carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Weiss","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196306)16:6<694::AID-CNCR2820160603>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"The rate of growth and apparent duration of untreated primary bronchial carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Garland","year":"1963","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1148\/79.2.221","article-title":"Differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules by growth rate","volume":"79","author":"Nathan","year":"1962","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.1.r00oc33251","article-title":"Small pulmonary nodules: volumetrically determined growth rates based on CT evaluation","volume":"217","author":"Yankelevitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200107000-00013","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: new wine in old bottles","volume":"7","author":"Lillington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.2.9016198","article-title":"Does 2-year stability imply that pulmonary nodules are benign?","volume":"168","author":"Yankelevitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(00)00104-5","article-title":"Differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions using chest radiography, spiral CT and HRCT","volume":"29","author":"Seemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3109\/02841859909175574","article-title":"New classification of small pulmonary nodules by margin characteristics on high-resolution CT","volume":"40","author":"Furuya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.2.3562830","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary opacities: plain tomography","volume":"163","author":"Huston","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.135.1.1","article-title":"CT of the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"135","author":"Siegelman","year":"1980","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.144.1.6283592","article-title":"Pathways of tumor spread through the lung: radiologic correlations with anatomy and pathology","volume":"144","author":"Heitzman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.156.5.2017952","article-title":"Prevalence of air bronchograms in small peripheral carcinomas of the lung on thin-section CT: comparison with benign tumors","volume":"156","author":"Kuriyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199611000-00021","article-title":"Evaluation of the air bronchogram sign on CT in solitary pulmonary lesions","volume":"20","author":"Kui","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.140.3.473","article-title":"Significance of wall thickness in solitary cavities of the lung: a follow-up study","volume":"140","author":"Woodring","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.135.6.1269","article-title":"Solitary cavities of the lung: diagnostic implications of cavity wall thickness","volume":"135","author":"Woodring","year":"1980","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.160.2.3726106","article-title":"Pulmonary hamartoma: CT findings","volume":"160","author":"Siegelman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200311000-00006","article-title":"Fatty metastatic lesions in 2 patients with renal clear-cell carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Muram","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-005-1004-8","article-title":"Pulmonary nodules 10 mm or less in diameter with ground-glass opacity component detected by high-resolution computed tomography have a high possibility of malignancy","volume":"53","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03895-X","article-title":"\u201cEarly\u201d peripheral lung cancer: prognostic significance of ground glass opacity on thin-section computed tomographic scan","volume":"74","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.5.1781053","article-title":"CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules","volume":"178","author":"Henschke","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.170.3.2916017","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: evaluation with a CT reference phantom","volume":"170","author":"Huston","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.2.7824716","article-title":"Pulmonary nodules: CT evaluation of enhancement with iodinated contrast material","volume":"194","author":"Swensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.201.2.8888239","article-title":"Lung nodule enhancement at CT: prospective findings","volume":"201","author":"Swensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.205.2.9356631","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: evaluation of blood flow patterns with dynamic CT","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.194.2.7824717","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodule: preliminary study of evaluation with incremental dynamic CT","volume":"194","author":"Yamashita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199707000-00003","article-title":"Intratumoral necrosis of lung carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall in incremental dynamic computed tomography analysis of solitary pulmonary nodules?","volume":"12","author":"Yamashita","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1_suppl.89S","article-title":"The solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"123","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)00537-U","article-title":"Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group","volume":"60","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp012290","article-title":"Clinical practice. The solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"348","author":"Ost","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2372041887","article-title":"Guidelines for management of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans: a statement from the Fleischner Society","volume":"237","author":"MacMahon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib71","first-page":"943","article-title":"Probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules using fluorine-18-FDG and PET","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1166","article-title":"Characterization of the solitary pulmonary nodule: 18F-FDG PET versus nodule-enhancement CT","volume":"187","author":"Christensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.3.1075","article-title":"Prospective investigation of positron emission tomography in lung nodules","volume":"16","author":"Lowe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199910000-00004","article-title":"Non-small cell lung cancer: FDG-PET imaging","volume":"14","author":"Erasmus","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.12.047","article-title":"Maximum standard uptake value of mediastinal lymph nodes on integrated FDG-PET-CT predicts pathology in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"82","author":"Bryant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-9-200305060-00009","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of alternative management strategies for patients with solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"138","author":"Gould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.43.11.887","article-title":"Bronchoscopic evaluation of peripheral lung tumours","volume":"43","author":"Shiner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.1.131","article-title":"Integration of transbronchial and percutaneous approach in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules or masses. Experience with 1,027 consecutive cases","volume":"108","author":"Gasparini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.75.2.141","article-title":"Biopsy and brushing of peripheral lung cancer with fluoroscopic guidance","volume":"75","author":"Cortese","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.76.2.176","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy in peripheral lung lesions. Factors predicting success with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy","volume":"76","author":"Radke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65012-5","article-title":"An integrated approach to evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"65","author":"Swensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.595","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules. CT-bronchoscopic correlation","volume":"93","author":"Naidich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1049","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"117","author":"Baaklini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.147","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy in fluoroscopically invisible solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective trial","volume":"129","author":"Herth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.10.884","article-title":"Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Lacasse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00650-9","article-title":"Prospective study on video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the resection of pulmonary nodules: 209 cases from the Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Study Group","volume":"19","author":"Jimenez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909545367400_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)90339-J","article-title":"Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"56","author":"Mack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/995\/459\/50021907\/postgradmedj-84-459.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/995\/459\/50021907\/postgradmedj-84-459.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T09:58:36Z","timestamp":1681898316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/84\/995\/459\/7026376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"995","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2007.063545","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}}}