{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1772780613602,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"989","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>About one-fifth of all ischaemic strokes are cardioembolic. Recent years have seen considerable progress in our understanding of atrial fibrillation, the most important cause of cardioembolism, and evidence-based treatment strategies have emerged. Progress in relation to other cardioembolic disorders has been more limited and here stroke prevention strategies remain less certain and subject to debate. This article briefly reviews the methods currently used to identify and investigate cardioembolic stroke and then provides an update on stroke prevention in relation to atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, patent foramen ovale and left ventricular dysfunction (after myocardial infarction and chronic failure).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.066563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]],"date-time":"2008-03-27T17:28:04Z","timestamp":1206638884000},"page":"133-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["An update on cardioembolic stroke"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"N U","family":"Weir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6666.75","article-title":"Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project","volume":"298","author":"Sandercock","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1001.097093","article-title":"Risk of early death and recurrent stroke and effect of heparin in 3169 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation in the International Stroke Trial","volume":"32","author":"Saxena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660677.x","article-title":"Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction: a multivariate analysis","volume":"6","author":"Arboix","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2004.03.003","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors for spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction","volume":"13","author":"Lindley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000158908.48022.d7","article-title":"Identification of embolic stroke patterns by diffusion-weighted MRI in clinically defined lacunar stroke syndromes","volume":"36","author":"Wessels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.5.558","article-title":"How well does the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification predict the site and size of the infarct on brain imaging?","volume":"68","author":"Mead","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1351-5101.2003.00712.x","article-title":"Agreement between the clinical Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification and CT findings in Poland","volume":"11","author":"Wlodek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000131269.69502.d9","article-title":"Usefulness of ambulatory 7-Day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"35","author":"Jabaudon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.485110","article-title":"Frequent atrial premature beats predict paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in stroke patients. An opportunity for a new diagnostic strategy","volume":"38","author":"Wallmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2006.07.002","article-title":"Should routine echocardiography be performed in all patients with stroke?","volume":"16","author":"Wolber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000202592.87021.b7","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies after examination by transesophageal echocardiography in 503 patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"37","author":"Harloff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000241064.46659.69","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke","volume":"37","author":"de Bruijn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.1.29","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography in selecting patients for anticoagulation after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack","volume":"73","author":"Strandberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib14","first-page":"247","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of patients presenting with ischemic cerebral events without previous evidence of a cardiac source of emboli","volume":"3","author":"Cabral","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.4.691","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischemia of unknown cause","volume":"27","author":"G\u00fcnter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200307000-00005","article-title":"Clinical and transthoracic echocardiographic predictors of abnormal transesophageal findings in patients with suspected cardiac source of embolism","volume":"326","author":"Sorescu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.10.1820","article-title":"Selection of patients for transesophageal echocardiography after stroke and systemic embolic events","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib18","first-page":"e257","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation)","volume":"114","author":"Fuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults. National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study","volume":"285","author":"Go","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430050045005","article-title":"Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications","volume":"155","author":"Feinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.22.2864","article-title":"Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation","volume":"285","author":"Gage","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145172.55640.93","article-title":"Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation. Stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin","volume":"110","author":"Gage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532498","article-title":"Modern management of mitral stenosis","volume":"112","author":"Carabello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.2.635","article-title":"Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses","volume":"89","author":"Cannegieter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"146","author":"Hart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92358-Z","article-title":"Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke","volume":"342","author":"EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70536-1","article-title":"Preadmission antithrombotic treatment and stroke severity in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute ischemic stroke: an observational study","volume":"5","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653048","article-title":"Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"115","author":"Hylek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000170642.39876.f2","article-title":"Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy. Recent data and ideas","volume":"36","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00005","article-title":"Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation","volume":"141","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-11-199606010-00004","article-title":"The risk for and severity of bleeding complications in elderly patients treated with warfarin. The National Consortium of Anticoagulation Clinics","volume":"124","author":"Fihn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/sui029","article-title":"In defence of current treatment options: where are we now?","volume":"7","author":"V\u00f6ller, H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608223350802","article-title":"An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"335","author":"Hylek","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.11.015","article-title":"Factors affecting bleeding risk during anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: observations from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study","volume":"149","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.8.917","article-title":"The Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index","volume":"163","author":"Wells","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.02.022","article-title":"Incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation who are prone to fall","volume":"118","author":"Gage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm016","article-title":"\u2018Rules of thumb\u2019 or reflective practice? Understanding senior physicians' decision-making about anti-thrombotic usage in atrial fibrillation","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.3.229","article-title":"The Influence of patient adherence on anticoagulation control with warfarin","volume":"167","author":"Kimmel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2006.12.019","article-title":"Pre-admission warfarin use in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: the appropriate use and barriers to oral anticoagulant therapy","volume":"120","author":"Partington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2685","article-title":"Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice?","volume":"290","author":"Go","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X61956","article-title":"Treatment patterns and real-world effectiveness of warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation within a managed care setting","volume":"21","author":"Darkow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61233-1","article-title":"Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Mant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68845-4","article-title":"Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"The ACTIVE Writing Group on behalf of the ACTIVE Investigators","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.3.239","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes among patients randomized to warfarin therapy according to anticoagulant control","volume":"167","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.117","article-title":"Combined aspirin-oral anticoagulant therapy compared with oral anticoagulant therapy alone among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease","volume":"167","author":"Dentali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000258004.64840.0b","article-title":"Secondary stroke prevention with ximelagatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Pooled analysis of SPORTIF III and V clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Atkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi667","article-title":"Effect of antithrombotic therapy in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation: a sub-analysis of NASPEAF and randomized trial","volume":"27","author":"Perez-Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000247934.04848.79","article-title":"Advances in surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"38","author":"Gillinov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000250166.06949.95","article-title":"Left atrial appendage exclusion for stroke prevention in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"38","author":"Onalan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.05.021","article-title":"ACC\/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease)","volume":"48","author":"Bonow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2007.152819","article-title":"What is the optimal level of anticoagulation in adult patients receiving warfarin following implantation of a mechanical prosthetic mitral valve?","volume":"6","author":"Bayliss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp043981","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke","volume":"353","author":"Kizer","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.044","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale: innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study","volume":"47","author":"Meissner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1172","article-title":"Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"55","author":"Overell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1301","article-title":"Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: the Lausanne Study. Lausanne Stroke with Paradoxal Embolism Study Group","volume":"46","author":"Bogousslavsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017498.88393.44","article-title":"Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study","volume":"105","author":"Homma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011503","article-title":"Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both","volume":"345","author":"Mas","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.063","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population","volume":"49","author":"Di Tullio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000135773.24116.18","article-title":"Age as a determinant of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale","volume":"35","author":"Homma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recurrent stroke is not associated with massive right-to-left shunt: preliminary results from the 3-year prospective Spanish multicentre study (Codicia Study) [abstract]","volume":"21","author":"Serena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90212-0","article-title":"Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm","volume":"130","author":"Mas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0524-z","article-title":"Recurrent cerebrovascular ischaemic events in patients with interatrial septal abnormalities: a follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Cerrato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00907-0","article-title":"Atrial anatomy in non-cardioembolic stroke patients. Effect of medical therapy","volume":"42","author":"Homma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000106137.42649.AB","article-title":"Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke. Results of the Paradoxical Emboli From Large Veins in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) Study","volume":"35","author":"Cramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib65","first-page":"710","article-title":"Thrombophilia and patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients","volume":"21","author":"Carod-Artal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.480863","article-title":"Prothrombotic mutations as risk factors for cryptogenic ischemic cerebrovascular events in young subjects with patent foramen ovale","volume":"38","author":"Botto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.2.398","article-title":"Significant association of atrial vulnerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause","volume":"31","author":"Berthet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.9.950","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stoke","volume":"164","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib69","first-page":"e409","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke","volume":"113","author":"Sacco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.483S","article-title":"Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy","volume":"126","author":"Albers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-005-3202-8","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale and stroke: prognosis and treatment in young adults","volume":"20","author":"Cramer, SC","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.12.055","article-title":"Outcomes after transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism","volume":"99","author":"Harms","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.12.054","article-title":"Five-year experience with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale","volume":"99","author":"Slavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib74","article-title":"Long-term results after fluoroscopy guided closure of patent foramen ovale for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism","author":"Wahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib75","first-page":"365","article-title":"Frequency of atrial tachyarrhythmias following transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale","volume":"18","author":"Alaeddini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000137764.07815.de","article-title":"Does transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale really \u201cshut the door?\u201d A prospective study with transcranial doppler","volume":"35","author":"Anzola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20584","article-title":"Iatrogenic atrial septal defect, erosion of the septum primum after device closure of a patent foramen ovale as a new medical entity","volume":"68","author":"Meier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-11-200512060-00006","article-title":"A community-based study of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction","volume":"143","author":"Witt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi352","article-title":"Heart failure on admission and the risk of stroke following acute myocardial infarction: the VALIANT registry","volume":"26","author":"Szummer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00003-4","article-title":"Predischarge two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular thrombosis after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 study","volume":"87","author":"Chiarella","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-200508000-00003","article-title":"Left ventricular mural thrombus after anterior ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction in the era of aggressive reperfusion therapy-still a frequent complication","volume":"16","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80336-3","article-title":"Embolic potential of left ventricular thrombus after myocardial infarction: a two-dimension echocardiographic study of 119 patients","volume":"5","author":"Visser","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.5.1004","article-title":"Increased embolic risk in patients with left ventricular thrombi","volume":"75","author":"Stratton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-6-789","article-title":"Left ventricular mural thrombi complicating acute myocardial infarction. Long-term follow-up with serial echocardiography","volume":"100","author":"Weinreich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90798-2","article-title":"Mural thrombi in myocardial infarction. Prospective evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"74","author":"Keating","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90409-T","article-title":"Embolic potential, prevention and management of mural thrombus complication anterior myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Vaitkus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib87","first-page":"588","article-title":"ACC\/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary","volume":"110","author":"Antman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib88","first-page":"77","article-title":"Mural thrombus in left ventricular aneurysm: incidence, role of angiography and relation between anticoagulation and embolization","volume":"56","author":"Reeder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80109-1","article-title":"Systemic embolism in chronic left ventricular aneurysm: incidence and the role of anticoagulation","volume":"6","author":"Lapeyree III","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.77.5.586","article-title":"Left ventricular aneurysm, intraaneurysmal thrombus and systemic embolus in coronary heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Cabin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.661397","article-title":"Risk of thromboembolism in heart failure. An analysis from the sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial (SCD-HeFT)","volume":"115","author":"Freudenberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701233360403","article-title":"Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction","volume":"336","author":"Loh","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.7.451","article-title":"Anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm: a Cochrane systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Lip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.7.461","article-title":"Antiplatelet agents versus control or anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm: a Cochrane systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Lip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.03.010","article-title":"The Warfarin\/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure","volume":"148","author":"Cleland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.02.012","article-title":"Efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in chronic heart failure: The HELAS study","volume":"8","author":"Cokkinos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib97","author":"Massie","year":"2004","journal-title":"American College of Cardiology 53rd Annual Scientific Session"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.602136","article-title":"Aspirin use and outcomes in a community-based cohort of 7352 patients discharged after first hospitalization for heart failure","volume":"113","author":"McAlister","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib99","first-page":"e154","article-title":"ACC\/AHA 2005 Guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure)","volume":"112","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041909422684700_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.07.007","article-title":"Warfarin versus aspirin in patients with reduced cardiac ejection fraction (WARCEF): rationale, objectives, and design","volume":"12","author":"Pullicino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Card Fail"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/989\/133\/50021523\/postgradmedj-84-133.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/989\/133\/50021523\/postgradmedj-84-133.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T09:50:07Z","timestamp":1681897807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/84\/989\/133\/7023500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"989","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2007.066563","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}}}