{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:35:57Z","timestamp":1791995757199,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1014","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Demyelinating processes involving the central nervous system have a variety of aetiologies and can be separated into primary and secondary demyelinating processes. The classic example of primary demyelination is multiple sclerosis. Secondary demyelination, where the aetiology is known, includes infectious, metabolic and toxic disease processes. The underlying component of all demyelinating disorders is damage to the myelin sheath and\/or the oligodendrocyte, the cell forming the myelin sheath. These processes often have similar imaging findings, making knowledge of the patient\u2019s history, physical examination and laboratory evaluation imperative for developing a differential diagnosis. This pictorial essay provides a review of the imaging of these diverse disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2009.087452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T09:32:36Z","timestamp":1269941556000},"page":"218-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Imaging evaluation of demyelinating processes of the central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Alice Boyd","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , Washington DC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G","family":"Smirniotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , Washington DC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041908462818200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a19a5a","article-title":"Demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis deep gray matter","volume":"68","author":"Vercellino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","article-title":"Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Trapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.640455.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance outcome of new enhancing lesions in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms965oa","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Minagar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b5","first-page":"989","article-title":"Serial diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy of acute large demyelinating brain lesions: case report","volume":"23","author":"Rovira","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.09.014","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Courtney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21640","article-title":"The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?","volume":"65","author":"Weiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02241.x","article-title":"Natural history of multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort","volume":"15","author":"Debouverie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49038.x","article-title":"Late-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Polliack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.07.006","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness","volume":"180","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2023041908462818200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500240090032","article-title":"The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis. 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