{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T07:26:09Z","timestamp":1781681169699,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1027","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,27]],"date-time":"2011-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Prescribing in pregnancy often causes uncertainty and anxiety for the clinician and may lead to the omission of necessary treatment. Many drugs have inadequate data to assure safety, and therefore the clinician is left with a dilemma as to where the balance of risks and benefits lie with respect to the mother and her fetus. Understanding under what circumstances women can be prescribed medication and using principles of prescribing in pregnancy to further clarify the potential risks will aid good clinical decision-making. An appreciation of the available resources and the conviction to find the best available evidence will best serve the patient and her fetus. Teratogenicity refers to the potential for a drug to cause fetal malformations and affects the embryo 3\u20138\u2005weeks after conception. Teratogenic drugs are associated with an increased risk of malformations, but the majority of babies are born with no abnormalities. In addition, approximately 2\u20133% of infants are born with major malformations with no association with maternal medication, and this and other confounding factors need to be addressed during counselling of a woman. Fetotoxicity refers to the functional changes that can occur to the fetus as a result of medication in the second and third trimesters. These effects are more subtle and more difficult to assess and therefore there are fewer data to support or refute these types of associations. For the majority of drugs, the neonatal dose from breast feeding is a fraction of the dose exposure in utero.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2010.103606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T03:49:38Z","timestamp":1296186578000},"page":"349-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prescribing in pregnancy and during breast feeding: using principles in clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust , Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Mackillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust , Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041908233641200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69737-7","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and use of emergency contraception among a large cohort of women attending for antenatal care or abortion in Scotland","volume":"368","author":"Lakha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.04.025","article-title":"Prescription drug use in pregnancy","volume":"191","author":"Andrade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3656.402","article-title":"Cleft palate in the mouse: a teratogenic index of glucocorticoid potency","volume":"147","author":"Pinsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629050-00004","article-title":"Effects of maternally administered drugs on the fetal and neonatal kidney","volume":"29","author":"Boubred","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb140254.x","article-title":"Premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus after maternal use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"169","author":"Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.04.015","article-title":"Risks associated with in utero and lactation exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)","volume":"30","author":"Ellfolk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.51","article-title":"Prenatal effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4), and maternal mood on child behaviour at 3 years of age","volume":"164","author":"Oberlander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.11.1889","article-title":"Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"159","author":"Nulman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b9","volume-title":"7th report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the UK","author":"Royal College Obstetrics Gynaecology","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b10","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Prescribing in Pregnancy","author":"Rutherford","year":"2008","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.078030","article-title":"Management of pregnancy in women with acquired and congenital heart disease","volume":"86","author":"Bowater","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b12","volume-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy: the management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (clinical guideline 107)","author":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023041908233641200_b13","volume-title":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 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