{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:12:11Z","timestamp":1760955131409},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"523","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]],"date-time":"1969-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-21168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiac achalasia is a disorder not unknown in the paediatric age-group and may occur even in the neonatal period. This disorder should, therefore, be considered in all cases presenting with persistent vomiting, as well as in those with chronic respiratory disease in whom more common causes have been excluded.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It is almost universally accepted that the disorder results from a disturbed function of ganglion cells in the distal oesophagus, as the disease has been reproduced in laboratory animals by denervation of the distal oesophagus. The exact pathogenesis of this degenerative change is not well understood. However, in at least some of the cases congenital absence of the ganglion cells may be responsible for this functional disturbance. This is inferred from the fact that the disease may be found in association with Hirschsprung disease, in which there is a congenital absence of ganglion cells in the terminal colon. Moreover, the occurrence of the disease in the neonatal period itself favours a congenital lesion.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Surgery was preferred to other forms of treatment in the paediatric age-group in view of the reported equivocal response to mechanical dilatation and pre-disposition of children to respiratory complications. The results of surgery were satisfactory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.45.523.327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T20:27:15Z","timestamp":1230582435000},"page":"327-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cardiac achalasia in childhood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Harjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rohtak-Haryana Medical College and Hospital , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R S","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rohtak-Haryana Medical College and Hospital , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H L","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rohtak-Haryana Medical College and Hospital , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Khetarpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rohtak-Haryana Medical College and Hospital , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Surgical treatment of achalasia of the oesophagus","volume":"2","author":"ABBOTT, C.E.; MAcKENZIE, W.C.; Ross, C.A.","year":"1959","unstructured":"ABBOTT, C.E., MAcKENZIE, W.C. & Ross, C.A. (1959) Surgical treatment of achalasia of the oesophagus. Can. J. Surg. 2, 345.","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5070.549","article-title":"Cardiomyotomy for achalasia of the cardia: the experience of the Middlesex and Harefield Hospitals up to 1955","volume":"1","author":"ACHESON, E.D.; HADLEY, G.D.","year":"1958","unstructured":"ACHESON, E.D. & HADLEY, G.D. (1958) Cardiomyotomy for achalasia of the cardia: the experience of the Middlesex and Harefield Hospitals up to 1955. Brit. med. J. 1, 549.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)30151-3","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of cardispasm","volume":"36","author":"ALNOR, P.","year":"1958","unstructured":"ALNOR, P. (1958) On the pathogenesis of cardispasm. J. Thoracic Surg. 36, 141.","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Surg"},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"An Introduction to Gastroentrology","author":"ALVAREZ, W.C.","year":"1940","unstructured":"ALVAREZ, W.C. (1940) An Introduction to Gastroentrology, pp. 197 and 283. Hoeber, New York."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"608","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of cardiospasm","volume":"151","author":"ANDERSEN, H.A.; HOLMAN, C.B.; OLSEN, A.M.","year":"1953","unstructured":"ANDERSEN, H.A., HOLMAN, C.B. & OLSEN, A.M. (1953) Pulmonary complications of cardiospasm. J. Amer. med. Ass. 151, 608.","journal-title":"J. Amer. med. Ass"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.4.1.44","article-title":"The pulmonary complications of dysphagia","volume":"4","author":"BELCHER, J.R.","year":"1949","unstructured":"BELCHER, J.R. (1949) The pulmonary complications of dysphagia. Thorax, 4, 44.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Cardiospasm in the newborn infant","volume":"38","author":"BIRNBERG, T.L.","year":"1929","unstructured":"BIRNBERG, T.L. (1929) Cardiospasm in the newborn infant. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 38, 1183.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of cardiospasm","author":"BREAKEY, A.S.; DOTTER, C.T.; STEINBERG, I.","year":"1951","unstructured":"BREAKEY, A.S., DOTTER, C.T. & STEINBERG, I. (1951) Pulmonary complications of cardiospasm. New Engl. J. Med.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"154","article-title":"Cardiospasm in a 3-years old child","volume":"26","author":"BRUCE, J.W.","year":"1927","unstructured":"BRUCE, J.W. (1927) Cardiospasm in a 3-years old child. Kentucky med. J. 26, 154.","journal-title":"Kentucky med. J"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(53)80038-7","article-title":"A study of osesophageal pressures in normal persons and patients with cardiospasm","volume":"23","author":"BUTIN, J.W.; OLSEN, A.M.; MOERSCH, H.J.","year":"1953","unstructured":"BUTIN, J.W., OLSEN, A.M. & MOERSCH, H.J. (1953) A study of osesophageal pressures in normal persons and patients with cardiospasm. Gastroentrology, 23, 278.","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"647","article-title":"Pathologic changes in megaoesophagus","volume":"31","author":"CROSS, F.S.","year":"1952","unstructured":"CROSS, F.S. (1952) Pathologic changes in megaoesophagus. Surgery, 31, 647.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Achalasia of the cardia in adolescents presenting with respiratory symptoms","volume":"840","author":"DAVIES, D.; ROBERTS, J.C.","year":"1955","unstructured":"DAVIES, D. & ROBERTS, J.C. (1955) Achalasia of the cardia in adolescents presenting with respiratory symptoms. Lancet, i, 840.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"167","article-title":"A new approach to the physiology of so-called 'cardiospasm'","volume":"146","author":"DELOYERS, L.; CORDIER, R.; DUPREZ, A.","year":"1957","unstructured":"DELOYERS, L., CORDIER, R. & DUPREZ, A. (1957) A new approach to the physiology of so-called 'cardiospasm'. Ann. Surg. 146, 167.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1955.01270160077010","article-title":"Megaoesophagus: surgical therapy","volume":"71","author":"EFFLER, D.B.; ROGERS, J.W.","year":"1955","unstructured":"EFFLER, D.B. & ROGERS, J.W. (1955) Megaoesophagus: surgical therapy. Arch. Surg. 71, 551.","journal-title":"Arch. Surg"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1958.02990010031007","article-title":"Surgical treatment of cardiospasm (achalasia of the oesophagus): considerations of aspects of esophagomyotomy","volume":"166","author":"ELLIS, JR, F.H.; OLSEN, A.M.; lIOLMAN, C.B.; CODE, C.F.","year":"1958","unstructured":"ELLIS, F.H., JR, OLSEN, A.M., lIOLMAN, C.B. & CODE, C.F. (1958) Surgical treatment of cardiospasm (achalasia of the oesophagus): considerations of aspects of esophagomyotomy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 166, 29.","journal-title":"J. Amer. med. Ass"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194201000-00010","article-title":"a disease complex that includes megaoesophagus (cardiospasm), megacolon and megauretor be caused by chronic vitamin B1 deficiency?","volume":"203","author":"ETZEL, E.","year":"1942","unstructured":"ETZEL, E. (1942) May a disease complex that includes megaoesophagus (cardiospasm), megacolon and megauretor be caused by chronic vitamin B1 deficiency? Amer. J. med. Sci. 203, 87.","journal-title":"Amer. J. med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"609","article-title":"The surgical treatment of cardiospasm: combined Mikulicz-Heller procedure","volume":"52","author":"FARRAR, T.","year":"1959","unstructured":"FARRAR, T. (1959) The surgical treatment of cardiospasm: combined Mikulicz-Heller procedure. 5th med. J. 52, 609.","edition":"5th med","journal-title":"J"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Neue Beitrage zur Pathologie der Speiserohre","volume":"30","author":"FLEINER, W.","year":"1900","unstructured":"FLEINER, W. (1900) Neue Beitrage zur Pathologie der Speiserohre. Munchen med. Wschr. 30, 17.","journal-title":"Munchen med. Wschr"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"385","article-title":"Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of chronic cardiospasm","volume":"7","author":"FREEMAN, E.B.","year":"1940","unstructured":"FREEMAN, E.B. (1940) Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of chronic cardiospasm. Rev. Gastroentrol. 7, 385.","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroentrol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)33241-8","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm","volume":"31","author":"FRITZ, J.M.; CLARK, D.E.; ADAMS, W.E.","year":"1951","unstructured":"FRITZ, J.M., CLARK, D.E. & ADAMS, W.E. (1951) The diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm. Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 31, 173.","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Amer"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"98","article-title":"Cardiospasm, the results of Heller's operation","volume":"111","author":"GAMMELGAARD, A.; IVERSON, J.; THOMSON, G.","year":"1956","unstructured":"GAMMELGAARD, A., IVERSON, J. & THOMSON, G. (1956) Cardiospasm, the results of Heller's operation. Acta chir. scand. 111, 98.","journal-title":"Acta chir. scand"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"917","article-title":"Cardiomyotomy (Heller's Operation) for oesophageal achalasia","volume":"ii,","author":"GAMMIE, W.F.P.; JENNINGS, D.; RICHARDSON, J.E.","year":"1958","unstructured":"GAMMIE, W.F.P., JENNINGS, D. & RICHARDSON, J.E. (1958) Cardiomyotomy (Heller's Operation) for oesophageal achalasia. Lancet, ii, 917.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700650125","article-title":"Infection of the lung by 'saprophytic' mycobacteria in achalasia of the cardia with report of a fatal case showing lipoid pneumonia due to milk","volume":"65","author":"GIBSON, J.B.","year":"1953","unstructured":"GIBSON, J.B. (1953) Infection of the lung by 'saprophytic' mycobacteria in achalasia of the cardia with report of a fatal case showing lipoid pneumonia due to milk. J. Path. Bact. 65, 239.","journal-title":"J. Path. Bact"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"65","article-title":"An extraordinary dilatation of all the portion of the oesophagus causing dysphagia","volume":"40","author":"HANNAY, A.F.","year":"1833","unstructured":"HANNAY, A.F. (1833) An extraordinary dilatation of all the portion of the oesophagus causing dysphagia. Edinb. med. J. 40, 65.","journal-title":"Edinb. med. J"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"434","article-title":"Zur Operativum Behandlung der Cardiospasmus","volume":"6","author":"HASCHE, E.; SCHUBERT, H.","year":"1959","unstructured":"HASCHE, E. & SCHUBERT, H. (1959) Zur Operativum Behandlung der Cardiospasmus. Thorax Chir. 6, 434.","journal-title":"Thorax Chir"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Relief of cardiospasm in the newborn by administration of atropine sulphate","volume":"62","author":"HAAS, V.S.","year":"1941","unstructured":"HAAS, V.S. (1941) Relief of cardiospasm in the newborn by administration of atropine sulphate. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 62, 1118.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195610000-00009","article-title":"The surgical management of achalasia of the oesophagus","volume":"144","author":"HAWTHORNE, H.R.; FROBESE, A.S.; NEMIR, JR, P.","year":"1956","unstructured":"HAWTHORNE, H.R., FROBESE, A.S. & NEMIR, P., JR (1956) The surgical management of achalasia of the oesophagus. Ann. Surg. 144, 653.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"141","article-title":"Extramucose Cardioplastic beim Chronichen Cardiospasmus mit Dilatation der Oesophagus","volume":"27","author":"HELLER, E.","year":"1913","unstructured":"HELLER, E. (1913) Extramucose Cardioplastic beim Chronichen Cardiospasmus mit Dilatation der Oesophagus. Mitt. Grenzgeb. Med. 27, 141.","journal-title":"Mitt. Grenzgeb. Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.28.318.247","article-title":"Dysphagia pneumonitis","volume":"28","author":"HELM, W.H.","year":"1952","unstructured":"HELM, W.H. (1952) Dysphagia pneumonitis. Postgrad. med. J. 28, 247.","journal-title":"Postgrad. med. J"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"184","article-title":"The pylorus, pylorospasm and allied spasms in infants","volume":"7","author":"HESS, A.","year":"1914","unstructured":"HESS, A. (1914) The pylorus, pylorospasm and allied spasms in infants. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 7, 184.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"Achalasia of the cardia","author":"HURST, A.F.","year":"1915","unstructured":"HURST, A.F. (1915) Achalasia of the cardia. Quart. J. Med.","journal-title":"Quart. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/os-23.92.491","article-title":"Achalasia of the cardia","volume":"23","author":"HURST, A.F.; RAKE, G.W.","year":"1930","unstructured":"HURST, A.F. & RAKE, G.W. (1930) Achalasia of the cardia. Quart. J. Med. 23, 491.","journal-title":"Quart. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-192202000-00010","article-title":"The diaphragmatic pinch-cock in socalled 'cardiospasm'","volume":"32","author":"JACKSON, C.","year":"1922","unstructured":"JACKSON, C. (1922) The diaphragmatic pinch-cock in socalled 'cardiospasm'. Laryngoscope, 32, 139.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(49)90579-3","article-title":"II. Cardiospasm, a generalised disorder of oesophageal motility","volume":"7","author":"KRAMER, P.; INGELFINGER, F.J.","year":"1949","unstructured":"KRAMER, P. & INGELFINGER, F.J. (1949) II. Cardiospasm, a generalised disorder of oesophageal motility. Amer. J. Med. 7, 174.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)36434-0","article-title":"Oesophageal sensitivity of mechlyl in cardiospasm","volume":"19","author":"KRAMER, P.; INGELFINGER, F.J.","year":"1951","unstructured":"KRAMER, P. & INGELFINGER, F.J. (1951) Oesophageal sensitivity of mechlyl in cardiospasm. Gastroentrology, 19, 242.","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-35-3-593","article-title":"Pulmonary changes related to cardiospasm","volume":"35","author":"LAKE, R.A.","year":"1951","unstructured":"LAKE, R.A. (1951) Pulmonary changes related to cardiospasm. Ann. intern. Med. 35, 593.","journal-title":"Ann. intern. Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.14.3.211","article-title":"A review of the treatment of cardiospasm","volume":"14","author":"LAURANCE, K.; SHOESMITH, J.H.","year":"1959","unstructured":"LAURANCE, K. & SHOESMITH, J.H. (1959) A review of the treatment of cardiospasm. Thorax, 14, 211.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1937.00170190109007","article-title":"Anatomic features of the cardiac orifice of the stomach","volume":"59","author":"LENDRUM, F.C.","year":"1937","unstructured":"LENDRUM, F.C. (1937) Anatomic features of the cardiac orifice of the stomach. Arch. intern. Med. 59, 474.","journal-title":"Arch. intern. Med"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"43","article-title":"Oesophagectesis in an infant","volume":"13","author":"LONGMEAD, F.","year":"1920","unstructured":"LONGMEAD, F. (1920) Oesophagectesis in an infant. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 13, 43.","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Med"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"140","article-title":"Ein Fall von Dysphagia nebst Bemerkungen","volume":"25","author":"MELTZER, S.G.","year":"1888","unstructured":"MELTZER, S.G. (1888) Ein Fall von Dysphagia nebst Bemerkungen. Berlin klin. Wschr. 25, 140.","journal-title":"Berlin klin. Wschr"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1956.01280060147032","article-title":"Important side issues in the treatment of cardiospasm","volume":"73","author":"MERENDINO, K.A.","year":"1956","unstructured":"MERENDINO, K.A. (1956) Important side issues in the treatment of cardiospasm. Editorial. Arch. Surg. 73, 1047.","journal-title":"Editorial. Arch. Surg"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195509000-00015","article-title":"Concept of sphincter substitution by interposed jujenal segment for anatomic and physiologic abnormalities at oesophagogastric junction with special reference to oesophageal varices","volume":"142","author":"MERENDINO, K.A.; DILLARD, D.H.","year":"1955","unstructured":"MERENDINO, K.A. & DILLARD, D.H. (1955) Concept of sphincter substitution by interposed jujenal segment for anatomic and physiologic abnormalities at oesophagogastric junction with special reference to oesophageal varices. Ann. Surg. 142, 486.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194108282250902","article-title":"Dysphagia and nutritional deficiency","volume":"225","author":"MERRILL, 0. & RICHARDS, R","year":"1941","unstructured":"MERRILL, 0. & RICHARDS, R. (1941) Dysphagia and nutritional deficiency. New Engl. J. Med. 225, 326.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1928.01920210072008","article-title":"Cardiospasm in infancy and in childhood","volume":"35","author":"MESSELOFF, C.R.; SHULMAN, H.I.; BUCKSTEIN, J.","year":"1928","unstructured":"MESSELOFF, C. R., SHULMAN, H. I. & BUCKSTEIN, J. (1928) Cardiospasm in infancy and in childhood. Amer. J. Dis. Childh. 35, 427.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Childh"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cardiospasm in infancy and childhood","volume":"38","author":"MOERSCH, H.J.","year":"1929","unstructured":"MOERSCH, H.J. (1929) Cardiospasm in infancy and childhood. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 38, 294.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193308000-00010","article-title":"Cardiospasm: its diagnosis and treatment","volume":"98","author":"MOERSCH, H.J.","year":"1933","unstructured":"MOERSCH, H.J. (1933) Cardiospasm: its diagnosis and treatment. Ann. Surg. 98, 232.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"173","article-title":"Cardiospasm in infants","volume":"80","author":"MORGAN, W.G.","year":"1911","unstructured":"MORGAN, W.G. (1911) Cardiospasm in infants. Med. Rec. 80, 173.","journal-title":"Med. Rec"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"337","article-title":"Essays on the biology of disease","volume":"13","author":"MOSCHCOWITZ, E.","year":"1947","unstructured":"MOSCHCOWITZ, E. (1947) Essays on the biology of disease. J. Mt Sinai Hosp. 13, 337.","journal-title":"J. Mt Sinai Hosp"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"The oesophagus","author":"MOSHER, H.P.","year":"1935","unstructured":"MOSHER, H.P. (1935) The oesophagus. Surg. Gynec. Obstet.","journal-title":"Surg. Gynec. Obstet"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"285","article-title":"Cardiospasm","volume":"71","author":"NAGEL, G.","year":"1949","unstructured":"NAGEL, G. (1949) Cardiospasm. California Med. 71, 285.","journal-title":"California Med"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)31266-6","article-title":"The treatment of cardiospasm: analysis of a twelve year experience","volume":"22","author":"OLSEN, A.M.; HARRINGTON, S.W.; MOERSCH, H.J.; ANDER-SEN, H.A.","year":"1951","unstructured":"OLSEN, A.M., HARRINGTON, S.W., MOERSCH, H.J. & ANDER-SEN, H.A. (1951) The treatment of cardiospasm: analysis of a twelve year experience. J. Thoracic Surg. 22, 164.","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Surg"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.23.5.477","article-title":"The diagnosis of cardiospasm","volume":"23","author":"OLSEN, A.M.; HOLMAN, C.B.; ANDERSEN, H.A.","year":"1953","unstructured":"OLSEN, A.M., HOLMAN, C.B. & ANDERSEN, H.A. (1953) The diagnosis of cardiospasm. Dis. Chest, 23, 477.","journal-title":"Dis. Chest"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.37.431.514","article-title":"Unusual forms of achalasia cardia and associated neuro-muscular disorders of the oesophagus","volume":"37","author":"PAUL, A.T.S.; PALLAWELA, G.D.S.","year":"1961","unstructured":"PAUL, A.T.S. & PALLAWELA, G.D.S. (1961) Unusual forms of achalasia cardia and associated neuro-muscular disorders of the oesophagus. Postgrad. med. J. 37, 514.","journal-title":"Postgrad. med. J"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"731","article-title":"Treatment of cardiospasm (achalasia of oesophagus) in children","volume":"50","author":"PAYNE, S.W.; ELLIS, JR, F.H.; OLSEN, A.M.","year":"1960","unstructured":"PAYNE, S.W., ELLIS, F.H., JR & OLSEN, A.M. (1960a) Treatment of cardiospasm (achalasia of oesophagus) in children. Surgery, 50, 731.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1960.01300030071009","article-title":"Achalasia of the oesophagus-a follow-up study of patients undergoing oesophagomyotomy","volume":"81","author":"PAYNE, S.W.; ELLIS, JR, F.H.; OLSEN, A.M.","year":"1960","unstructured":"PAYNE, S.W., ELLIS, F.H., JR & OLSEN, A.M. (1960b) Achalasia of the oesophagus-a follow-up study of patients undergoing oesophagomyotomy. Arch. Surg. 81, 411.","journal-title":"Arch. Surg"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"419","article-title":"Cardiospasm with report of cases","volume":"26","author":"PLUMMER, H.S.","year":"1906","unstructured":"PLUMMER, H.S. (1906) Cardiospasm with report of cases. J. Minnesota State med. Ass. Northwestern Lancet, 26, 419.","journal-title":"J. Minnesota State med. Ass. Northwestern Lancet"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"355","article-title":"Cardiospasm: a report of 301 cases","volume":"5","author":"PLUMMER, H.S.; VINSON, P.P.","year":"1921","unstructured":"PLUMMER, H.S. & VINSON, P.P. (1921) Cardiospasm: a report of 301 cases. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 5, 355.","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Amer"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"540","article-title":"An extraordinary case of distension of oesophagus forming a sac, extending from 2 inches below the pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach","volume":"46","author":"PURTON, T.","year":"1821","unstructured":"PURTON, T. (1821) An extraordinary case of distension of oesophagus forming a sac, extending from 2 inches below the pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach. Med. Physiol. J. (Lond.), 46, 540.","journal-title":"Med. Physiol. J. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"34","article-title":"Symposium on diseases of oesophagus","volume":"23","author":"RICHMAN, A.","year":"1956","unstructured":"RICHMAN, A. (1956) Symposium on diseases of oesophagus. J. Mt Sinai Hosp. 23, 34.","journal-title":"J. Mt Sinai Hosp"},{"key":"ref_60","article-title":"Simple dilatation of the oesophagus","author":"ROLLESTON, H.P.","year":"1896","unstructured":"ROLLESTON, H.P. (1896) Simple dilatation of the oesophagus."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"270","article-title":"Evaluation of operation for megaoesophagus (cardiospasm)","volume":"43","author":"ROOT, H.D.","year":"1958","unstructured":"ROOT, H.D. (1958) Evaluation of operation for megaoesophagus (cardiospasm). Surgery, 43, 270.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1953.1450","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of spasmodic stricture of the oesophagus","volume":"1","author":"RUSSELL, J.C.","year":"1898","unstructured":"RUSSELL, J.C. (1898) Diagnosis and treatment of spasmodic stricture of the oesophagus. Brit. med. J. 1, 1450.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Bilateral bronchiectesis with cardiospasm","volume":"ii,","author":"SCHRIRE, T.","year":"1938","unstructured":"SCHRIRE, T. (1938) Bilateral bronchiectesis with cardiospasm. Lancet, ii, 1125.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(61)80235-7","article-title":"Achalasia in children as a cause of recurrent pulmonary disease","volume":"59","author":"SCHULTZ, JR, E.H.","year":"1961","unstructured":"SCHULTZ, E.H., JR (1961) Achalasia in children as a cause of recurrent pulmonary disease. J. Pediat. 59, 522.","journal-title":"J. Pediat"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"354","article-title":"Cardiospasm in the newborn infant","volume":"39","author":"SEGAR, L.H.; STOEFFLER, W.","year":"1930","unstructured":"SEGAR, L.H. & STOEFFLER, W. (1930) Cardiospasm in the newborn infant. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 39, 354.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)36571-0","article-title":"Cardiospasm: a review of 100 cases","volume":"16","author":"SIFERS, E.C.; CRILES, JR, G.","year":"1960","unstructured":"SIFERS, E.C. & CRILES, G., JR (1960) Cardiospasm: a review of 100 cases. Gastroentrology, 16, 466.","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"333","article-title":"The disturbance of oesophageal motility in cardiospasm","volume":"25","author":"SLIESINGER, M.H.; STEINBERG, H.; ALMY, T.P.","year":"1953","unstructured":"SLIESINGER, M.H., STEINBERG, H. & ALMY, T.P. (1953) The disturbance of oesophageal motility in cardiospasm. Gastroentrology, 25, 333.","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"846","article-title":"Achalasia of the oesophagus","volume":"47","author":"STEICHEN, F.M.; HELLER, E.; RAVITCH, M.M.","year":"1960","unstructured":"STEICHEN, F.M., HELLER, E. & RAVITCH, M.M. (1960) Achalasia of the oesophagus. Surgery, 47, 846.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195601192540301","article-title":"Surgical treatment of achalasia of the oesophagus","volume":"254","author":"SWEET, R.H.","year":"1956","unstructured":"SWEET, R.H. (1956) Surgical treatment of achalasia of the oesophagus. New Engl. J. Med. 254, 87.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Blood and nerve supply of oesophagus","volume":"41","author":"SWENSON, O.; MERRILL, K.; PIERCE, E.C.; RHEINLANDER, H.D.","year":"1940","unstructured":"SWENSON, O., MERRILL, K., PIERCE, E.C. & RHEINLANDER, H.D. (1940) Blood and nerve supply of oesophagus. J. Thoracic Surg. 41, 1141.","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Surg"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(20)31730-X","article-title":"Achalasia of the oesophagus in children","volume":"41","author":"SWENSON, 0. & OECONOMOPOULOS, C. T","year":"1961","unstructured":"SWENSON, 0. & OECONOMOPOULOS, C.T. (1961) Achalasia of the oesophagus in children. J. Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg. 41, 49.","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"96","article-title":"Movements of the oesophagus in the presence of cardiospasm and other oesophageal diseases: a roentgenologic study of muscular action","volume":"10","author":"TEMPLETON, F.E.","year":"1948","unstructured":"TEMPLETON, F.E. (1948) Movements of the oesophagus in the presence of cardiospasm and other oesophageal diseases: a roentgenologic study of muscular action. Gastroentrology, 10, 96.","journal-title":"Gastroentrology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000200554","article-title":"The nature of achalasia","volume":"86","author":"TEXTER, JR, E.C.; SMITH, W.H.; STICKLEY, H.J.; BARBORKA, J.","year":"1956","unstructured":"TEXTER, E.C., JR, SMITH, W.H., STICKLEY, H.J. & BARBORKA, J. (1956) The nature of achalasia. Gastroentrologia, 86, 187.","journal-title":"Gastroentrologia"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"237","article-title":"Ueber Cardiospasmus Atonie und 'Idiopathische' Dilatation der Speiserohre","volume":"121","author":"THIEDING, F.","year":"1921","unstructured":"THIEDING, F. (1921) Ueber Cardiospasmus Atonie und 'Idiopathische' Dilatation der Speiserohre. Beitr. Z. klin. Chir. 121, 237.","journal-title":"Beitr. Z. klin. Chir"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.25.121.52","article-title":"Neuromuscular incoordination at the cardia in newborn","volume":"25","author":"THOMPSON, J.","year":"1950","unstructured":"THOMPSON, J. (1950) Neuromuscular incoordination at the cardia in newborn. Arch. Dis. Childh. 25, 52.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"433","article-title":"studies in achalasia of the cardia","volume":"26","author":"TROUNCE, J.R.; DEUCHAR, D.C.; KAUNTZE, R.; THOMAS, G.A.","year":"1957","unstructured":"TROUNCE, J.R., DEUCHAR, D.C., KAUNTZE, R. & THOMAS, G.A. (1957) studies in achalasia of the cardia. Quart. J. Med. 26, 433.","journal-title":"Quart. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)30150-1","article-title":"Achalasia of the oesophagus-further thoughts on surgical management","volume":"36","author":"TUTTLE, W.M.; CROWLEY, R.T.; BARETT, R.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"TUTTLE, W.M., CROWLEY, R.T. & BARETT, R.J. (1958) Achalasia of the oesophagus-further thoughts on surgical management. J. Thoracic Surg. 36, 453.","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Surg"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"588","article-title":"Cardiospasm in the newborn","volume":"50","author":"BOGART, V.A.N.D.E.R.; F.","year":"1933","unstructured":"VAN DER BOGART, F. (1933) Cardiospasm in the newborn. Arch. Pediat. 50, 588.","journal-title":"Arch. Pediat"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1924.02650370027009","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm","volume":"82","author":"VINSON, P.P.","year":"1924","unstructured":"VINSON, P.P. (1924) The diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm. J. Amer. med. Ass. 82, 859.","journal-title":"J. Amer. med. Ass"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(27)90437-1","article-title":"Cardiospasm complicated by pulmonary abscess. A case report","volume":"2","author":"VINSON, P.P.","year":"1927","unstructured":"VINSON, P.P. (1927) Cardiospasm complicated by pulmonary abscess. A case report. Amer. J. Surg. 2, 359.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Surg"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1948.11692937","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm","volume":"3","author":"VINSON, P.P.","year":"1948","unstructured":"VINSON, P.P. (1948) Diagnosis and treatment of cardiospasm. Postgrad. Med. 3, 13.","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"159","article-title":"Abnomataten des Calibers Und der Dicke der Wandungi","volume":"2","author":"ROKITANSKY, V.O.N.; C.","year":"1842","unstructured":"VON ROKITANSKY, C. (1842) Abnomataten des Calibers Und der Dicke der Wandungi. Handb. path. Anat. 2, 159.","journal-title":"Handb. path. Anat"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"30","article-title":"The physiologic operation for megaoesophagus (dystonia, cardiospasm, achalasia)","volume":"134","author":"WANGENSTEEN, O.H.","year":"1951","unstructured":"WANGENSTEEN, O.H. (1951) The physiologic operation for megaoesophagus (dystonia, cardiospasm, achalasia). Ann. Surg. 134, 30.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"339","article-title":"Technique of achieving an adequate extramucosal myotomy in megaoesophagus (achalasia, cardiospasm, dystonia)","volume":"105","author":"WANGENSTEEN, O.H.","year":"1957","unstructured":"WANGENSTEEN, O.H. (1957) Technique of achieving an adequate extramucosal myotomy in megaoesophagus (achalasia, cardiospasm, dystonia). Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 105, 339.","journal-title":"Surg. Gynec. Obstet"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-194401000-00008","article-title":"Cardiospasm: a psychosomatic disorder","volume":"6","author":"WEISS, E.","year":"1944","unstructured":"WEISS, E. (1944) Cardiospasm: a psychosomatic disorder. Psychosom. Med. 6, 58.","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"311","article-title":"Zur Chirurge des Oesophagus","volume":"93","author":"WENDEL, W.","year":"1910","unstructured":"WENDEL, W. (1910) Zur Chirurge des Oesophagus. Arch. klin. Chir. 93, 311.","journal-title":"Arch. klin. Chir"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1951.02920230007002","article-title":"Benign obstruction of the lower oesophagus","volume":"145","author":"WOMACK, N.A.; BRITNELL, E.S.; EHRENHAFT, J.L.","year":"1951","unstructured":"WOMACK, N.A., BRITNELL, E.S. & EHRENHAFT, J.L. (1951) Benign obstruction of the lower oesophagus. J. Amer. med. Ass. 145, 283.","journal-title":"J. Amer. med. Ass"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192305000-00014","article-title":"Cardiospasm in the aged","volume":"77","author":"ZAAIGER, J.H.","year":"1923","unstructured":"ZAAIGER, J.H. (1923) Cardiospasm in the aged. Ann. Surg. 77, 615.","journal-title":"Ann. Surg"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/45\/523\/327\/50475818\/postgradmedj-45-327.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/45\/523\/327\/50475818\/postgradmedj-45-327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T02:44:17Z","timestamp":1709865857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/45\/523\/327\/7051673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"523","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.45.523.327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1969,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1969,5,1]]}}}