{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:24:51Z","timestamp":1791973491760,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"599","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1975,9,1]],"date-time":"1975-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":178761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case of Fallot\u2019s tetralogy associated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a young Nigerian female is described. The clinical spectrum of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is reviewed. The rarity of this syndrome is stressed. Some other aspects of the clinical manifestation of cyanotic congenital heart disease which may mimic the skeletal syndrome are mentioned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.51.599.648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T20:31:39Z","timestamp":1230582699000},"page":"648-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with Fallot\u2019s tetralogy\u2014a case report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"B Olu","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Private Mail Bag 12003, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Olu","family":"Mabayoje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Private Mail Bag 12003, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1975,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology","author":"BREED, R.S.; MURRAY, E.G.D.; SMITH, N.R.","year":"1969","unstructured":"BREED, R.S., MURRAY, E.G.D. & SMITH, N.R. (1969) In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.","edition":"7th edn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196003032620909","article-title":"Spirillum serpens meningitis: report of a case","volume":"262","author":"EDWARDS, C.E.; KRAUS, R.","year":"1960","unstructured":"EDWARDS, C.E. & KRAUS, R. (1960) Spirillum serpens meningitis: report of a case. New England Journal of Medicine, 262, 458.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-72-3-341","article-title":"Changing etiology of bacterial endocarditis in the antibacterial era","volume":"72","author":"FINLAND, M.; BARNES, M.W.","year":"1970","unstructured":"FINLAND, M. & BARNES, M.W. (1970) Changing etiology of bacterial endocarditis in the antibacterial era. Annals of Internal Medicine, 72, 341.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"331","article-title":"Rat-bite fever","volume":"31","author":"FONCANNON, F.","year":"1930","unstructured":"FONCANNON, F. (1930) Rat-bite fever. Journal of the Kansas Medical Society, 31, 331.","journal-title":"Journal of the Kansas Medical Society"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.23.2.249","article-title":"The cause of rat-bite fever","volume":"23","author":"FUTAKI, K.; TAKAKI, F.; TANIGUCHI, T.; OsuMI, S.","year":"1916","unstructured":"FUTAKI, K., TAKAKI, F., TANIGUCHI, T. & OsuMI, S. (1916) The cause of rat-bite fever. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 23, 249.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","author":"FUTAKI, K.; TAKAKI, F.; TANIGUCHI, T.; OsUMI, S.","year":"1917","unstructured":"FUTAKI, K., TAKAKI, F., TANIGUCHI, T. & OsUMI, S. (1917)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.25.1.33","article-title":"Spirochaeta morsus muris, n.sp., the cause of rat-bite fever","volume":"25","unstructured":"Spirochaeta morsus muris, n.sp., the cause of rat-bite fever. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 25, 33.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1944.00210170052008","article-title":"Subacute endocarditis associated with infection with a Spirillum","volume":"73","author":"HITZIG, W.M.; LIEBESMAN, A.","year":"1944","unstructured":"HITZIG, W.M. & LIEBESMAN, A. (1944) Subacute endocarditis associated with infection with a Spirillum. Archives of Internal Medicine, 73, 415.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-23-4-340","article-title":"The genus Spirillum; a taxonomic study","volume":"23","author":"HYLEMON, P.B.; WELLS J. S., JR, K.R.E.I.G.; R., N.; JONNASCH, H.W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"HYLEMON, P.B., WELLS J.S., JR, KREIG, N.R. & JONNASCH, H.W. (1973). The genus Spirillum; a taxonomic study. International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology, 23, 340.","journal-title":"International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)16785-1","article-title":"Cultivation of Spirillum of rat-bite fever","volume":"ii,","author":"JOEKES, T.","year":"1925","unstructured":"JOEKES, T. (1925) Cultivation of Spirillum of rat-bite fever. Lancet, ii, 1225.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196101192640305","article-title":"Spirillum fever, report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"264","author":"KOWAL, J.","year":"1961","unstructured":"KOWAL, J. (1961) Spirillum fever, report of a case and review of the literature. New England Journal of Medicine, 264, 123.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1913.00070030016002","article-title":"A case of vegetative endocarditis caused by a hitherto undescribed Spirillum","volume":"12","author":"LAMB, A.R.; PATON, F.W.","year":"1913","unstructured":"LAMB, A.R. & PATON, F.W. (1913) A case of vegetative endocarditis caused by a hitherto undescribed Spirillum. 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It has been described in association with many varied conditions, of which","unstructured":"Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a rare syndrome characterized by clubbing of the fingers and toes, chronic periostitis, with periosteal new bone formation involving especially the distal ends of the long bones, joint pain and swelling, signs of autonomic disorder (flushing and blanching, and profuse sweating), and gynaecomastia. It has been described in association with many varied conditions, of which"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"it may be the presenting feature. In the pre-antibiotic era, most cases were associated with chronic suppurative conditions of the chest, such as bronchiectasis, lung abscess, and empyema. Primary intrathoracic neoplasms now represent the commonest associated diseases","volume-title":"Although the association of clubbing of the fingers and toes occurs in cyanotic congenital heart diseases, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is extremely rare in these conditions. The following case Case report","year":"1960","unstructured":"it may be the presenting feature. In the pre-antibiotic era, most cases were associated with chronic suppurative conditions of the chest, such as bronchiectasis, lung abscess, and empyema. Primary intrathoracic neoplasms now represent the commonest associated diseases (Coury, 1960; Anderson, 1967). Although the association of clubbing of the fingers and toes occurs in cyanotic congenital heart diseases, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is extremely rare in these conditions. The following case Case report"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Finger clubbing was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B. C. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy was, however, first recognized and described independently by Bamberger (1889) and Marie (1890) in the late nineteenth century. The clubbing associ-","unstructured":"Finger clubbing was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy was, however, first recognized and described independently by Bamberger (1889) and Marie (1890) in the late nineteenth century. The clubbing associ-"},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"ated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is usually gross and there is a tendency to regard the osteoarthropathy as a more advanced stage of clubbing. Clubbing is, however, not an essential feature of this condition (Holling, Brodey and Boland, 1961) and the two may occur independently","unstructured":"ated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is usually gross and there is a tendency to regard the osteoarthropathy as a more advanced stage of clubbing. Clubbing is, however, not an essential feature of this condition (Holling, Brodey and Boland, 1961) and the two may occur independently."},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"The arthropathy is symmetrical and can be extremely painful, with hot swollen joints. The joints affected are the ankles (88%), wrists (82%), knees (75 %) and, less commonly, elbows, shoulders, fingers, and other joints (Coury, 1960). There may be hydrarthrosis. Radiologically, the joints show soft tissue swelling only. The course of the arthropathy reflects the activity of the underlying disease. The periostitis begins and is most marked at the distal ends of the extremities, resulting in painful, tender non-pitting swelling over the distal ends of the","unstructured":"The arthropathy is symmetrical and can be extremely painful, with hot swollen joints. The joints affected are the ankles (88%), wrists (82%), knees (75 %) and, less commonly, elbows, shoulders, fingers, and other joints (Coury, 1960). There may be hydrarthrosis. Radiologically, the joints show soft tissue swelling only. The course of the arthropathy reflects the activity of the underlying disease. The periostitis begins and is most marked at the distal ends of the extremities, resulting in painful, tender non-pitting swelling over the distal ends of the"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"698","article-title":"Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy","volume":"1","author":"ANDERSON, G.","year":"1967","unstructured":"ANDERSON, G. (1967) Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Hospital Medicine, 1, 698.","journal-title":"Hospital Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"226","article-title":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift","volume":"2","author":"BAMBERGER, E.","year":"1889","unstructured":"BAMBERGER, E. VON (1889) Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (Berlin), 2, 226.","journal-title":"VON"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"193","article-title":"Uber knochenverdnderungen bei chronischen Lungen-und herzkrankheiten","volume-title":"Zeitschrift","volume":"18","author":"BAMBERGER, E.","year":"1891","unstructured":"BAMBERGER, E. (1891) Uber knochenverdnderungen bei chronischen Lungen-und herzkrankheiten. Zeitschrift fur Klinischen Medizin (Berlin), 18, 193."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-0971(60)80001-0","article-title":"Hippocratic fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A study of 350 cases","volume":"54","author":"COURY, C.","year":"1960","unstructured":"COURY, C. (1960) Hippocratic fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A study of 350 cases. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 54, 202.","journal-title":"British Journal of Diseases of the Chest"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-56-6-865","article-title":"Patent ductus arteriosus with reversal of flow in adults","volume":"56","author":"DAILEY, F.H.; GENOVESE, P.D.; BEHNKE, R.H.","year":"1962","unstructured":"DAILEY, F.H., GENOVESE, P.D. & BEHNKE, R.H. (1962). Patent ductus arteriosus with reversal of flow in adults. 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Archives of Internal Medicine (Chicago), 100, 147.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine (Chicago)"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"De L'ost6o-arthropathie hypertrophiante pneumonique","volume":"10","author":"MARIE, P.","year":"1890","unstructured":"MARIE, P. (1890) De L'ost6o-arthropathie hypertrophiante pneumonique. Revue de m6decine (Paris), 10, 1.","journal-title":"Revue de m6decine (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(47)90295-0","article-title":"Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in congenital heart disease","volume":"34","author":"MEANS, M.G.; BROWN, N.W.","year":"1947","unstructured":"MEANS, M.G. & BROWN, N.W. (1947) Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in congenital heart disease. American Heart Journal, 34, 262.","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-67-3-579","article-title":"Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease: A report of two cases","volume":"67","author":"McLAUGHLIN, G.E.; MCCARTHY, D.J.; DOWNING, D.F.","year":"1967","unstructured":"McLAUGHLIN, G.E., MCCARTHY, D.J. & DOWNING, D.F. (1967) Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease: A report of two cases. Annals of Internal Medicine, 67, 579.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"246","article-title":"Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in congenital heart disease","volume":"15","author":"ROBINSON R. D., JR, K.A.H.N.; H., A.; SYED, S.A.","year":"1965","unstructured":"ROBINSON R.D., JR, KAHN, A.H. & SYED, S.A. (1965) Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in congenital heart disease. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 15, 246.","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4916.754","article-title":"Generalised hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in association with bronchial carcinoma: Review based on 24 cases","volume":"1","author":"SEMPLE, T.; MCCLUSKIE, R.A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"SEMPLE, T. & MCCLUSKIE, R.A. (1955). Generalised hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in association with bronchial carcinoma: Review based on 24 cases. British Medical Journal, 1, 754.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref_34","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy occulring in a case of congenital heart disease","volume":"880","author":"SHAW, H.B.; COOPER, R.H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"SHAW, H.B. & COOPER, R.H. (1970) Pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy occulring in a case of congenital heart disease. 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