{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T15:06:30Z","timestamp":1770131190062,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"619","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1977,5,1]],"date-time":"1977-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":231292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Serum lysozyme (muramidase) estimation is a simple, convenient and useful laboratory investigation. A review of the literature shows that lysozyme has been implicated as an aetiological factor in various disorders, and credited with being a prognostic indicator in acute myeloid leukaemia, but these promises have not been fulfilled. This low molecular weight protein is found in the urine of some patients with renal tubular disorders, but some workers have emphasized its importance as a causal agent in hypokalaemia of acute myeloid leukaemia. Research should be concentrated on muramidase as an expression of cell functions rather than as an aetiological factor. Hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia may be caused by an unidentified substance of molecular weight similar to that of lysozyme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.53.619.257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T20:39:26Z","timestamp":1230583166000},"page":"257-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Lysozyme: a brief review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"M A","family":"Mir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Cardiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary , Manchester M13 9WL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1977,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.14.2.172","article-title":"The occurrence of postgamma protein in urine: A new protein abnormality","volume":"14","author":"BUTLER, E.A.; FLYN, F.V.","year":"1961","unstructured":"BUTLER, E.A. & FLYN, F.V. (1961) The occurrence of postgamma protein in urine: A new protein abnormality. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 14, 172.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Lysozyme in relation to the clinical characteristics of adult acute leukaemia","author":"CASTRO, D.; PERILLIE, P.E.; FINCH, S.C.","year":"1970","unstructured":"CASTRO, D., PERILLIE, P.E. & FINCH, S.C. (1970) Lysozyme in relation to the clinical characteristics of adult acute leukaemia. Abstracts of Thirteenth International Congress of Haematology, Munich, p. 231.","journal-title":"Abstracts of Thirteenth International Congress of Haematology, Munich"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in adult myelogenous leukaemia","volume":"835","author":"CURRIE, G.","year":"1976","unstructured":"CURRIE, G. (1976) Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in adult myelogenous leukaemia. Lancet, i, 835.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920805","article-title":"Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"292","author":"FALCHUK, K.R.; PERROTTO, J.L.; ISSELBACHER, J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"FALCHUK, K.R., PERROTTO, J.L. & ISSELBACHER, J. (1975a) Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 292, 395.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"893","article-title":"Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease. A useful index of disease activity","volume":"69","author":"FALCHUK, K.R.; PERROTTO, J.R.; ISSELBACHER, J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"FALCHUK, K.R., PERROTTO, J.R. & ISSELBACHER, J. (1975b) Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease. A useful index of disease activity. Gastroenterology, 69, 893.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1972.tb03903.x","article-title":"Serum muramidase in haematological disorders: diagnostic value in neoplastic disorders","volume":"1","author":"FIRKIN, F.C.","year":"1972","unstructured":"FIRKIN, F.C. (1972) Serum muramidase in haematological disorders: diagnostic value in neoplastic disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 1, 28.","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1922.0023","article-title":"On remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions","volume":"93","author":"FLEMING, A.","year":"1922","unstructured":"FLEMING, A. (1922) On remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Series B. 93, 306.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Series"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"116","article-title":"Studies on hypermuramidasemia in the normal and chloroleukemic rat: the role of the kidney","volume":"81","author":"GREENBERGER, J.S.; ROSENTHAL, D.S.; MOLONEY, W.C.","year":"1973","unstructured":"GREENBERGER, J.S., ROSENTHAL, D.S. & MOLONEY, W.C. (1973) Studies on hypermuramidasemia in the normal and chloroleukemic rat: the role of the kidney. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 81, 116.","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"Urinary lysozyme, ribonuclease and low molecular weight protein in renal disease","volume":"371","author":"HARRISON, J.F.; LUNT, G.S.; SCOTT, P.; BLAINEY, J.D.","year":"1968","unstructured":"HARRISON, J.F., LUNT, G.S., SCOTT, P. & BLAINEY, J.D. (1968) Urinary lysozyme, ribonuclease and low molecular weight protein in renal disease. Lancet, i, 371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102655","article-title":"The role of granulocyte as a source of lysosyme in ulcerative colitis","volume":"31","author":"HIATT, R.B.; ENGLE, C.; FLOOD, C.; KARUSH, A.","year":"1952","unstructured":"HIATT, R.B., ENGLE, C., FLOOD, C. & KARUSH, A. (1952) The role of granulocyte as a source of lysosyme in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 31, 721.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197602052940615","article-title":"Lysozyme in Crohn's disease: influence of methods (letter)","volume":"294","author":"JOHANSSON, B.G.; URSING, B.","year":"1976","unstructured":"JOHANSSON, B.G. & URSING, B. (1976) Lysozyme in Crohn's disease: influence of methods (letter). New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 337.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"445","article-title":"The relationship between serum lysozyme levels and the blood leucocytes","volume":"1","author":"JOLLES, P.; STEINBERG, M.; MATHE, G.","year":"1965","unstructured":"JOLLES, P., STEINBERG, M. & MATHE, G. (1965) The relationship between serum lysozyme levels and the blood leucocytes. Israel Journal of Medical Science, 1, 445.","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"165","article-title":"Renal tubular malfunction and pulmonary emphysema in cadmium pigment workers","volume":"32","author":"KAZANTZIS, G.; FLYN, F.V.; SPOWAGE, J.S.; TROTT, D.G.","year":"1963","unstructured":"KAZANTZIS, G., FLYN, F.V., SPOWAGE, J.S. & TROTT, D.G. (1963) Renal tubular malfunction and pulmonary emphysema in cadmium pigment workers. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 32, 165.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"47","article-title":"The relationship of lysozyme to the nephropathy in chloroleukemic rats and the effects of lysozyme loading on normal rat kidneys","volume":"34","author":"KLOCKARS, M.; AZAR, H.A.; HERMIDA, R.; ISOBE, T.; HSU, C.C.S.; ANSARI, H.; OSSERMAN, E.F.","year":"1974","unstructured":"KLOCKARS, M., AZAR, H.A., HERMIDA, R., ISOBE, T., HSU, C.C.S., ANSARI, H. & OSSERMAN, E.F. (1974) The relationship of lysozyme to the nephropathy in chloroleukemic rats and the effects of lysozyme loading on normal rat kidneys. Cancer Research, 34, 47.","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in A","volume":"i,","author":"MCCARTHY, D.; FITZGERALD, G.; HEGARTY, J.; GOODWIN, F.; O'CONNELL, L.G.","year":"1976","unstructured":"MCCARTHY, D., FITZGERALD, G., HEGARTY, J., GOODWIN, F. & O'CONNELL, L.G. (1976) Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in A.M.L. (letter). Lancet, i, 1075.","journal-title":"M. L. (letter). Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(75)90533-1","article-title":"Renal handling of low molecular weight proteins","volume":"58","author":"MACK, T.","year":"1975","unstructured":"MACK, T. (1975) Renal handling of low molecular weight proteins. 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American Journal of Medicine, 5, 496. MEYER, K., PRUDDEN, J.F., LEHMAN, W.L. & STEINBERG, A. (1948b) Lysozyme activity in ulcerative alimentary disease.","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine; Lysozyme activity in ulcerative alimentary disease"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"482","article-title":"Lysozyme in peptic ulcer","volume":"5","author":"MIR, M.A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lysozyme in peptic ulcer. American Journal of Medicine, 5, 482. MIR, M.A. (1976) Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in A.M.L. (letter). Lancet, i, 1075.","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine; Prognostic significance of serum lysozyme in"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"213","article-title":"Altered membrane sodium transport and the presence of a plasma ouabain-like inhibitory factor in acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"48","author":"MIR, M.A.; BOBINSKI, H.","year":"1975","unstructured":"MIR, M.A. & BOBINSKI, H. (1975) Altered membrane sodium transport and the presence of a plasma ouabain-like inhibitory factor in acute myeloid leukaemia. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 48, 213.","journal-title":"Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-1-54","article-title":"Hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"82","author":"MIR, M.A.; BRABIN, B.; TANG, O.T.; LEYLAND, M.J.; DELAMORE, I.W.","year":"1975","unstructured":"MIR, M.A., BRABIN, B., TANG, O.T., LEYLAND, M.J. & DELAMORE, I.W. (1975a) Hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 82, 54.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"855","article-title":"Hypokalaemia in acute leukaemia (letter)","volume":"82","author":"MIR, M.A.; BRABIN, B.; TANG, O.T.; LEYLAND, M.J.; DELAMORE, I.W.","year":"1975","unstructured":"MIR, M.A., BRABIN, B., TANG, O.T., LEYLAND, M.J. & DELAMORE, I.W. (1975b) Hypokalaemia in acute leukaemia (letter). Annals of Internal Medicine, 82, 855.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5934.775","article-title":"Hypouricaemia and proximal renal tubular dysfunction in acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"3","author":"MIR, M.A.; DELAMORE, I.W.","year":"1974","unstructured":"MIR, M.A. & DELAMORE, I.W. (1974) Hypouricaemia and proximal renal tubular dysfunction in acute myeloid leukaemia. British Medical Journal, 3, 775.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(69)90219-8","article-title":"Lysozymuria and renal tubular dysfunction in monocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia","volume":"47","author":"MUGGIA, F.M.; HEINMANN, H.O.; FARHANGI, M.; OSSERMAN, E.F.","year":"1969","unstructured":"MUGGIA, F.M., HEINMANN, H.O., FARHANGI, M. & OSSERMAN, E.F. (1969) Lysozymuria and renal tubular dysfunction in monocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia. American Journal of Medicine, 47, 351.","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920813","article-title":"Lysozyme","volume":"292","author":"OSSERMAN, E.F.","year":"1975","unstructured":"OSSERMAN, E.F. (1975) Lysozyme. New England Journal of Medicine, 292, 424.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.124.5.921","article-title":"Serum and urinary lysozyme (muramidase) in monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"124","author":"OSSERMAN, E.F.; LAWLOR, D.P.","year":"1966","unstructured":"OSSERMAN, E.F. & LAWLOR, D.P. (1966) Serum and urinary lysozyme (muramidase) in monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 124, 921.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196707062770103","article-title":"Significance of changes in serum muramidase activity in megaloblastic anemia","volume":"277","author":"PERILLIE, P.E.; KAPLAN, S.S.; FINCH, S.C.","year":"1967","unstructured":"PERILLIE, P.E., KAPLAN, S.S. & FINCH, S.C. (1967) Significance of changes in serum muramidase activity in megaloblastic anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 277, 10.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140050001001","article-title":"Studies of muramidase (lysozyme) in leukemia","volume":"203","author":"PERILLIE, P.E.; KAPLAN, S.S.; LEFKOWITZ, E.; ROGOWAY, W.; FINCH, S.C.","year":"1968","unstructured":"PERILLIE, P.E., KAPLAN, S.S., LEFKOWITZ, E., ROGOWAY, W. & FINCH, S.C. 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(1949b) Lysozyme content of granulation tissue. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 72, 38.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106387","article-title":"Serum and urinary proteins, lysozyme (muramidase), and renal dysfunction in monoand myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"49","author":"PRUZANSKI, W.; PLATTS, M.E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"PRUZANSKI, W. & PLATTS, M.E. (1973) Serum and urinary proteins, lysozyme (muramidase), and renal dysfunction in monoand myelomonocytic leukemia. 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