{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:08:08Z","timestamp":1764936488346},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"785","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]],"date-time":"1991-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":667785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Techniques of investigation of acute stroke syndromes have progressed rapidly in recent years, outpacing developments in effective stroke treatment. The clinician is thus faced with a variety of tests, each with different cost implications and each altering management to a greater or lesser extent. This review will concentrate on the basic tests which should be performed for all strokes (full blood count, ESR, biochemical screen, blood glucose, cholesterol, syphilis serology, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram). Additional tests may be required in selected cases: CT scan to diagnose \u2018non-stroke\u2019 lesions, to exclude cerebral haemorrhage if anti-haemostatic therapy is planned, and to detect strokes which may require emergency intervention (such as cerebellar stroke with hydrocephalus); echocardiography to detect cardiac sources of emboli; and in a few cases lumbar puncture and specialized haematological tests. Other tests, which are currently research tools, may be suitable for widespread use in the future including NMR, SPECT and PET scanning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.785.259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T21:01:03Z","timestamp":1230584463000},"page":"259-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of acute stroke: what is the most effective strategy?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"D W","family":"Dunbabin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital , Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P A G","family":"Sandercock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital , Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6674.656","article-title":"Projecting the number of patients with first ever strokes and patients newly-handicapped by stroke in England and Wales","volume":"298","author":"Malmgren, R.; Bamford, J.; Warlow, C.; Sandercock, P.; Slattery, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Malmgren, R., Bamford, J., Warlow, C., Sandercock, P. & Slattery, J. Projecting the number of patients with first ever strokes and patients newly-handicapped by stroke in England and Wales. Br Med J 1989, 298: 656-660.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Stroke and health service resource use in Scotland. Personal Communication","author":"Isard, P.A.; Forbes, J.","unstructured":"Isard, P.A. & Forbes, J. Stroke and health service resource use in Scotland. Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6666.75","article-title":"Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project","volume":"298","author":"Sandercock, P.A.G.; Warlow, C.P.; Jones, L.N.; Starkey, I.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sandercock, P.A.G., Warlow, C.P., Jones, L.N. & Starkey, I.R. Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project. Br Med J 1989, 298: 75-80.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.5.365","article-title":"The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"53","author":"Vermeulen, M.; VanGijn, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vermeulen, M. & VanGijn, J. The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990, 53: 365-372.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91580-X","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of stroke","volume":"i:","author":"Norris, J.W.; Hachinski, V.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Norris, J.W. & Hachinski, V.C. Misdiagnosis of stroke. Lancet 1982, i: 328-331.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"94","article-title":"Five years' experience of a stroke unit","volume":"35","author":"Isaacs, B.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Isaacs, B. Five years' experience of a stroke unit. Health Bulletin 1977, 35: 94-98.","journal-title":"Health Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"515","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of the acute stroke syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Allen, C.M.C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Allen, C.M.C. Clinical diagnosis of the acute stroke syndrome. Q J Med 1983, 52: 515-523.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"27","article-title":"Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: do multivariate models help?","volume":"70","author":"Barer, D.H.; Mitchell, J.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barer, D.H. & Mitchell, J.R. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: do multivariate models help? Q J Med 1989, 70: 27-39.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref_9","first-page":"765","article-title":"Prediction of function after stroke","volume":"1986","author":"Jongbloed, L.","unstructured":"Jongbloed, L. Prediction of function after stroke. Stroke 1986, 17: 765-775.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref_10","first-page":"7","article-title":"Recovery after stroke: the first three months","volume":"1985","author":"Wade, D.T.; Wood, V.A.; Hewer, R.L.","unstructured":"Wade, D.T., Wood, V.A. & Hewer, R.L. Recovery after stroke: the first three months. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48: 7-13.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.13.5.641","article-title":"Predicting functional outcome following acute stroke using a standard clinical examination","volume":"13","author":"Prescott, R.J.; Garraway, W.M.; Akhtar, A.J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Prescott, R.J., Garraway, W.M. & Akhtar, A.J. Predicting functional outcome following acute stroke using a standard clinical examination. Stroke 1982, 13: 641-647.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"66","key":"ref_12","first-page":"147","article-title":"Prognostic indices in stroke","volume":"1988","author":"Fullerton, K.J.; MacKenzie, G.; Stout, R.W.","unstructured":"Fullerton, K.J., MacKenzie, G. & Stout, R.W. Prognostic indices in stroke. Q J Med 1988, 66: 147-162.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"issue":"124","key":"ref_13","first-page":"703","article-title":"How to read clinical journals: II. To learn about a diagnostic test","volume":"1981","author":"Sackett, D.L.","unstructured":"Sackett, D.L. How to read clinical journals: II. To learn about a diagnostic test. Can Med Assoc J 1981, 124: 703-710.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Disorders of the blood vessels of the brain and spinal","volume-title":"Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"Merritt, H.H.; Sciarra, D.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Merritt, H.H. & Sciarra, D. Disorders of the blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord. In: Harrison, T.R., Beeson, P.B., Resnik, W.H., Thorn, G.W., Wintrobe, M.M. (eds) Principles of Internal Medicine. Blakiston, Philadelphia 1950, pp. 1514-1520."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280204","article-title":"Relation of hyperglycaemia early in ischaemic brain infarction to cerebral anatomy, metabolism, and clinical outcome","volume":"28","author":"Kushner, M.; Nencini, P.; Reivich, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kushner, M., Nencini, P., Reivich, M. et al. Relation of hyperglycaemia early in ischaemic brain infarction to cerebral anatomy, metabolism, and clinical outcome. Ann Neurol 1990, 28: 129-135.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref_16","first-page":"37","article-title":"Screening for syphilis in pregnancy: an assessment of the costs and benefits","volume":"1985","author":"Williams, K.","unstructured":"Williams, K. Screening for syphilis in pregnancy: an assessment of the costs and benefits. Commun Med 1985, 7: 37-42.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref_17","first-page":"360","article-title":"Stroke units or stroke centers?","volume":"1986","author":"Norris, J.W.; Hachinski, V.C.","unstructured":"Norris, J.W. & Hachinski, V.C. Stroke units or stroke centers? Stroke 1986, 17: 360-362.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260312","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Levine, S.R.; Welch, K.M.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Levine, S.R. & Welch, K.M.A. Antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Neurol 1989, 26: 386-389.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.10.1667","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in acute stroke: prognostic significance","volume":"37","author":"Landi, G.; D'Angelo, A.; Boccardi, E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Landi, G., D'Angelo, A., Boccardi, E. et al. Hypercoagulability in acute stroke: prognostic significance. Neurology 1987, 37: 1667-1671.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1983.tb08563.x","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of CSF analyses in stroke","volume":"214","author":"Britton, M.; Hultman, E.; Murray, V.; Sjoholm, H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Britton, M., Hultman, E., Murray, V. & Sjoholm, H. The diagnostic accuracy of CSF analyses in stroke. Acta Med Scand 1983, 214: 3-13.","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.6.736","article-title":"Evaluation of acute cerebral ischaemia for anticoagulant therapy: computed tomography or lumbar puncture","volume":"31","author":"Ruff, R.L.; Dougherty, J.H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ruff, R.L. & Dougherty, J.H. Evaluation of acute cerebral ischaemia for anticoagulant therapy: computed tomography or lumbar puncture. Neurology 1981, 31: 736-740.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"27","article-title":"CT in hemispheric ischaemic attacks","volume":"1985","author":"Bories, J.; Derhy, S.; Chiras, J.","unstructured":"Bories, J., Derhy, S. & Chiras, J. CT in hemispheric ischaemic attacks. Neuroradiology 1985, 27: 468-483.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520140021012","article-title":"Interobserver reliability in the interpretation of computed tomographic scans of stroke patients","volume":"44","author":"Shinar, D.; Gross, C.R.; Hier, D.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shinar, D., Gross, C.R., Hier, D.B. et al. Interobserver reliability in the interpretation of computed tomographic scans of stroke patients. Arch Neurol 1987, 44: 149-155.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"290","key":"ref_24","first-page":"193","article-title":"Value of computed tomography in patients with stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project","volume":"1985","author":"Sandercock, P.A.G.; Molyneux, A.; Warlow, C.","unstructured":"Sandercock, P.A.G., Molyneux, A. & Warlow, C. Value of computed tomography in patients with stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Br Med J 1985, 290: 193-197.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6682.1219","article-title":"Availability of computed tomography of the brain in the United Kingdom","volume":"298","author":"Hewer, R.; Wood, V.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hewer, R. & Wood, V.A. Availability of computed tomography of the brain in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 1989, 298: 1219-1220.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"292","key":"ref_26","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: results of computed tomography and associated risk factors","volume":"1986","author":"Matenga, J.; Kitai, I.; Levy, L.","unstructured":"Matenga, J., Kitai, I. & Levy, L. Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: results of computed tomography and associated risk factors. Br Med J 1986, 292: 1649-1651.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"34","key":"ref_27","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Diagnostic errors discovered by CT in patients with suspected stroke","volume":"1984","author":"Britton, M.; Hindmarsh, T.; Murray, V.; Tyden, S.A.","unstructured":"Britton, M., Hindmarsh, T., Murray, V. & Tyden, S.A. Diagnostic errors discovered by CT in patients with suspected stroke. Neurology 1984, 34: 1504-1507.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90196-6","article-title":"Intracranial tumours simulating the presence of cerebrovascular syndromes: early detection with cerebral computed tomography","volume":"63","author":"Weisberg, L.A.; Nice, C.N.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Weisberg, L.A. & Nice, C.N. Intracranial tumours simulating the presence of cerebrovascular syndromes: early detection with cerebral computed tomography. Am J Med 1977, 63: 517-524.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1148\/126.3.695","article-title":"Computed tomography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of ischaemic stroke","volume":"126","author":"Campbell, J.K.; Houser, O.W.; Stevens, J.C.; Wahner, H.W.; Baker, H.L.; Folgar, W.N.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Campbell, J.K., Houser, O.W., Stevens, J.C., Wahner, H.W., Baker, H.L. & Folgar, W.N. Computed tomography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of ischaemic stroke. Radiology 1978, 126: 695-702.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.10.924","article-title":"Computerized axial transverse tomography in cerbrovascular disease","volume":"26","author":"Kinkel, W.R.; Jacobs, L.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kinkel, W.R. & Jacobs, L. Computerized axial transverse tomography in cerbrovascular disease. Neurology 1976, 26: 924-930.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500430052007","article-title":"Computerized tomography in intracranial haemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Weisberg, L.A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Weisberg, L.A. Computerized tomography in intracranial haemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1979, 36: 422-426.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6594.379","article-title":"Rapid resolution of signs of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in computed tomograms of the brain","volume":"295","author":"Dennis, M.S.; Bamford, J.M.; Molyneux, A.J.; Warlow, C.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dennis, M.S., Bamford, J.M., Molyneux, A.J. & Warlow, C.P. Rapid resolution of signs of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in computed tomograms of the brain. Br Med J 1987, 295: 379-381.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.5.598","article-title":"Haemorhagic transformation in cerebral embolism","volume":"20","author":"Okada, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Minematsu, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Okada, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Minematsu, K. et al. Haemorhagic transformation in cerebral embolism. Stroke 1989, 20: 598-603.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90060-9","article-title":"Clinical and instrumental evaluation of patients with ischaemic stroke within the first six hours","volume":"91","author":"Fieschi, C.; Argentino, C.; Lenzi, G.L.; Sacchetti, M.L.; Toni, D.; Bozzao, L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fieschi, C., Argentino, C., Lenzi, G.L., Sacchetti, M.L., Toni, D. & Bozzao, L. Clinical and instrumental evaluation of patients with ischaemic stroke within the first six hours. J Neurol Sci 1989, 91: 311-322.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"130","article-title":"Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Secondary prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death by prolonged antiplatelet treatment","volume":"237","year":"1990","unstructured":"Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Secondary prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. J Neurol 1990, 237: 130.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6019.1178","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Part 1 - Incidence and predisposing factors","volume":"1","author":"Warlow, C.; Ogston, D.; Douglas, A.S.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Warlow, C., Ogston, D. & Douglas, A.S. Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Part 1 - Incidence and predisposing factors. Br Med J 1976, 1: 1178-1183.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"\"417","article-title":"Evaluation of recent cerebral infarction by computed tomography","volume":"34","author":"Masdeu, J.C.; Azar-Kia, B.; Rubino, F.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Masdeu, J.C., Azar-Kia, B. & Rubino, F.A. Evaluation of recent cerebral infarction by computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1977, 34: 417-421. Skriver, E.B. & Olsen, T.S. Transient disappearance of cerebral infarcts on CT scan, the so-called fogging effect. Neuroradiology 1981, 22: 61-65.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol; Transient disappearance of cerebral infarcts on CT scan, the so-called fogging effect"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339392","article-title":"Contrast enhancement of cerebral infarcts: incidence and clinical value in different states of cerebral infarction","volume":"23","author":"Skriver, E.B.; Olsen, T.S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Skriver, E.B. & Olsen, T.S. Contrast enhancement of cerebral infarcts: incidence and clinical value in different states of cerebral infarction. Neuroradiology 1982, 23: 259-265.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347802","article-title":"Intravascular contrast injection in ischaemic lesions. II. Effect on prognosis","volume":"19","author":"Kendall, B.E.; Pullicino, P.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kendall, B.E. & Pullicino, P. Intravascular contrast injection in ischaemic lesions. II. Effect on prognosis. Neuroradiology 1980, 19: 241-243.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.66.780.842","article-title":"An unusual cause for a fit","volume":"66","author":"Banerjee, A.K.; Carvalho, P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Banerjee, A.K. & Carvalho, P. An unusual cause for a fit. Postgrad Med J 1990, 66: 842-843.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"159","article-title":"Diagnosis of sinus venous thrombosis","volume":"237","author":"Einhaupl, K.M.; Villringer, A.; Haberl, R.L.; Dirnagl, U.D.; Pfister, H.W.; Schmiedek, P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Einhaupl, K.M., Villringer, A., Haberl, R.L., Dirnagl, U.D., Pfister, H.W. & Schmiedek, P. Diagnosis of sinus venous thrombosis. J Neurol 1990, 237: 159.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03070.x","article-title":"Prognostic significance of cerebral computed tomography results in supratentorial infarction","volume":"65","author":"Valdimarsson, E.; Bergvall, U.; Samuelsson, K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Valdimarsson, E., Bergvall, U. & Samuelsson, K. Prognostic significance of cerebral computed tomography results in supratentorial infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 1982, 65: 133-145.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.5.694","article-title":"Intensive care for acute stroke in the community hospital setting: the first 24 hours","volume":"20","author":"Brott, T.; Reed, R.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brott, T. & Reed, R.L. Intensive care for acute stroke in the community hospital setting: the first 24 hours. Stroke 1989, 20: 694-697.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370020037031","article-title":"Impact of computed tomography on stroke management and outcome","volume":"147","author":"Hazelton, A.E.; Earnest, M.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hazelton, A.E. & Earnest, M.P. Impact of computed tomography on stroke management and outcome. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147: 217-220.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.131.1.35","article-title":"Computed tomography in patients with cerebrovascular disease: impact of a new technology on patient care","volume":"131","author":"Larson, E.B.; Omenn, G.S.; Loop, J.W.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Larson, E.B., Omenn, G.S. & Loop, J.W. Computed tomography in patients with cerebrovascular disease: impact of a new technology on patient care. Am J Roentgenol 1978, 131: 35-40.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300003792","article-title":"Diagnosing suspected stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"1","author":"Britton, M.; Jonsson, E.; Marke, L.A.; Murray, V.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Britton, M., Jonsson, E., Marke, L.A. & Murray, V. Diagnosing suspected stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Int J Tech Assess 1985. 1: 147-158.","journal-title":"Int J Tech Assess"},{"issue":"94","key":"ref_47","first-page":"112","article-title":"Selective use of two-dimensional echocardiography in stroke syndromes","volume":"1981","author":"Larson, E.B.; Stratton, J.R.; Pearlman, A.S.","unstructured":"Larson, E.B., Stratton, J.R. & Pearlman, A.S. Selective use of two-dimensional echocardiography in stroke syndromes. Ann Intern Med 1981, 94: 112-113.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref_48","first-page":"72","article-title":"Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism","volume":"1986","unstructured":"Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch Neurol 1986, 43: 72-81.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref_49","first-page":"182","article-title":"Non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for stroke","volume":"1985","author":"Britton, M.; Gustafsson, C.","unstructured":"Britton, M. & Gustafsson, C. Non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1985, 16: 182-187.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520430021013","article-title":"Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism: the second report of the cerebral embolism task force","volume":"46","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism: the second report of the cerebral embolism task force. Arch Neurol 1989, 46: 727-743.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"95","key":"ref_51","first-page":"51","article-title":"Echocardiography in diagnostic assessment of stroke","volume":"1981","author":"Greenland, P.; Knopman, D.S.; Mikell, F.L.; Asinger, R.W.; Anderson, D.C.; Good, D.C.","unstructured":"Greenland, P., Knopman, D.S., Mikell, F.L., Asinger, R.W., Anderson, D.C. & Good, D.C. Echocardiography in diagnostic assessment of stroke. Ann Intern Med 1981, 95: 51 - 53.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.9.1005","article-title":"Indications for echocardiography in patients with ischaemic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Knopman, D.S.; Anderson, D.C.; Asinger, R.W.; Greenland, P.; Mikell, F.; Good, D.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Knopman, D.S., Anderson, D.C., Asinger, R.W., Greenland, P., Mikell, F. & Good, D.C. Indications for echocardiography in patients with ischaemic stroke. Neurology 1982, 32: 1005-1011.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"60","key":"ref_53","first-page":"116","article-title":"The role of echocardiography in the investigation of focal cerebral ischaemia","volume":"1984","author":"Burnett, P.J.; Greenwood, R.; Milne, J.R.; Giles, M.R.; Camm, J.","unstructured":"Burnett, P.J., Greenwood, R., Milne, J.R., Giles, M.R. & Camm, J. The role of echocardiography in the investigation of focal cerebral ischaemia. Postgrad Med J 1984, 60: 116-119.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-1-1","article-title":"Two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischaemia","volume":"95","author":"Lovett, J.L.; Sandok, B.A.; Giuliani, E.R.; Nasser, F.N.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lovett, J.L., Sandok, B.A., Giuliani, E.R. & Nasser, F.N. Two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischaemia. Ann Intern Med 1981, 95: 1-4.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.14.4.546","article-title":"Influence of echocardiography on management of patients with systemic emboli","volume":"14","author":"Robbins, J.A.; Sagar, K.B.; French, M.; Smith, P.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Robbins, J.A., Sagar, K.B., French, M. & Smith, P.J. Influence of echocardiography on management of patients with systemic emboli. Stroke 1983, 14: 546-549.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"66","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography improves diagnosis of potential cardioembolic sources in unselected stroke patients","volume":"229","author":"Voll, C.L.; Polasek, P.; Cujec, B.; Shuaib, A.","unstructured":"Voll, C.L., Polasek, P., Cujec, B. & Shuaib, A. Transoesophageal echocardiography improves diagnosis of potential cardioembolic sources in unselected stroke patients. Can J Neurol Sci 1990,17:229-Ab 66.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci 1990,17"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.4.560","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography in the detection of intracardiac embolic sources in patients with TIAs","volume":"21","author":"Pop, G.; Sutherland, G.R.; Koudstaal, P.J.; Sit, T.W.; De Jong, G.; Roelandt, R.T.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pop, G., Sutherland, G.R., Koudstaal, P.J., Sit, T.W., De Jong, G. & Roelandt, R.T.C. Transoesophageal echocardiography in the detection of intracardiac embolic sources in patients with TIAs. Stroke 1990, 21: 560-565.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"144","article-title":"Detection of paradoxical embolism by combined use of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and phlebography","volume":"237","author":"Stollberger, C.; Brainin, M.; Slany, J.; Wien, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stollberger, C., Brainin, M., Slany, J. & Wien, R. Detection of paradoxical embolism by combined use of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and phlebography. J Neurol 1990, 237: 144.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500430057008","article-title":"History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease: II After Moniz, with special reference to surgical treatment","volume":"36","author":"Gurdjian, E.S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gurdjian, E.S. History of occlusive cerebrovascular disease: II After Moniz, with special reference to surgical treatment. Arch Neurol 1979, 36: 427-432.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.2.209","article-title":"Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Hankey, G.J.; Warlow, C.P.; Sellar, R.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hankey, G.J., Warlow, C.P. & Sellar, R.J. Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1990, 21: 209-222.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"104","key":"ref_61","first-page":"572","article-title":"The failure ofintravenous digital subtraction angiography in replacing carotid arteriography","volume":"1986","author":"Cebul, R.D.; Paulus, R.A.","unstructured":"Cebul, R.D. & Paulus, R.A. The failure ofintravenous digital subtraction angiography in replacing carotid arteriography. Ann Intern Med 1986, 104: 572-574.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref_62","first-page":"435","article-title":"The role of digital subtraction angiography of the carotid bifurcation in the evaluation of patients with reversible ischaemic attacks or stroke","volume":"1985","author":"Tans, J.T.J.; Hoogland, P.H.","unstructured":"Tans, J.T.J. & Hoogland, P.H. The role of digital subtraction angiography of the carotid bifurcation in the evaluation of patients with reversible ischaemic attacks or stroke. Stroke 1985, 16: 435-440.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.4.696","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: present status","volume":"40","author":"Caplan, L.R.; Brass, L.M.; DeWitt, L.D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Caplan, L.R., Brass, L.M., DeWitt, L.D. et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: present status. Neurology 1990, 40: 696-700.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.7.899","article-title":"Comparison of cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute stroke","volume":"20","author":"Zanette, E.M.; Fieschi, C.; Bozzao, L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zanette, E.M., Fieschi, C., Bozzao, L. et al. Comparison of cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute stroke. Stroke 1989, 20: 899-903.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.4.546","article-title":"Prospective study of lacunar infarction using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"Hommel, M.; Besson, G.; Le Bas, J.F.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hommel, M., Besson, G., Le Bas, J.F. et al. Prospective study of lacunar infarction using magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1990, 21: 546-554.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.3.579","article-title":"MR imaging and spectroscopy in clinical and experimental cerebral ischaemia: a review","volume":"148","author":"Brant-Zawadzki, M.; Weinstein, P.; Bartkowski, H.; Moseley, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brant-Zawadzki, M., Weinstein, P., Bartkowski, H. & Moseley, M. MR imaging and spectroscopy in clinical and experimental cerebral ischaemia: a review. Am J Roentgenol 1987, 148: 579-588.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.9.1279","article-title":"Magnetic resonance and clinical cerebrovascular disease: an update","volume":"20","author":"Ramadan, N.M.; Deveshwar, R.; Levine, S.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ramadan, N.M., Deveshwar, R. & Levine, S.R. Magnetic resonance and clinical cerebrovascular disease: an update. Stroke 1989, 20: 1279-1283.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.10.1580","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in stroke","volume":"37","author":"Kertesz, A.; Black, S.E.; Nicholson, L.; Carr, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kertesz, A., Black, S.E., Nicholson, L. & Carr, T. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in stroke. Neurology 1987, 37: 1580-1585.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1989.tb00249.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in posterior circulation infarction: impact on diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Davis, S.M.; Tress, B.M.; Dowling, R.; Donnan, G.A.; Kiers, L.; Rossiter, S.C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis, S.M., Tress, B.M., Dowling, R., Donnan, G.A., Kiers, L. & Rossiter, S.C. Magnetic resonance imaging in posterior circulation infarction: impact on diagnosis and management. Aust NZ J Med 1989, 19: 219-225.","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Med"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"156","article-title":"Sequential IH MR-spectroscopy: new insights into ischaemic mechanisms","volume":"237","author":"Felber, S.R.; Aichner, F.T.; Sauter, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Felber, S.R., Aichner, F.T. & Sauter, R. Sequential IH MR-spectroscopy: new insights into ischaemic mechanisms. J Neurol 1990, 237: 156-157.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.173.3.2813760","article-title":"The salient features of MR angiography","volume":"173","author":"Haacke, E.M.; Masaryk, T.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Haacke, E.M. & Masaryk, T.J. The salient features of MR angiography. Radiology 1989, 173: 611-612.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.10.1369","article-title":"Magnetic resonance angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries and intracranial vessels: a review","volume":"39","author":"Ross, J.S.; Masaryk, T.J.; Modic, M.T.; Harik, S.I.; Wiznitzer, M.; Selman, W.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ross, J.S., Masaryk, T.J., Modic, M.T., Harik, S.I., Wiznitzer, M. & Selman, W.R. Magnetic resonance angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries and intracranial vessels: a review. Neurology 1989, 39: 1369-1376.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.2.192","article-title":"SPECT analysis of recent cerebral infarction","volume":"20","author":"Raynaud, C.; Rancurel, G.; Tzourio, N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Raynaud, C., Rancurel, G., Tzourio, N. et al. SPECT analysis of recent cerebral infarction. Stroke 1989, 20: 192-204.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"557","article-title":"Cerebral infarction: diagnosis and assessment of prognosis by using 123IMP-SPECT and CT","volume":"10","author":"Hayman, L.A.; Taber, K.H.; Jhingran, S.G.; Killian, J.M.; Carroll, R.G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hayman, L.A., Taber, K.H., Jhingran, S.G., Killian, J.M. & Carroll, R.G. Cerebral infarction: diagnosis and assessment of prognosis by using 123IMP-SPECT and CT. AJNR 1989, 10: 557-562.","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"147","article-title":"Imaging considerations for the early detection of cerebral ischaemic lesions","volume":"237","author":"Fazekas, F.; Valetitsch, H.; Schmidt, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fazekas, F., Valetitsch, H., Schmidt, R. et al. Imaging considerations for the early detection of cerebral ischaemic lesions. J Neurol 1990, 237: 147.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.6.754","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow determination within the first 8 hours of cerebral infarction using stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography","volume":"20","author":"Hughes, R.L.; Yonas, H.; Gur, D.; Latchaw, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hughes, R.L., Yonas, H., Gur, D. & Latchaw, R. Cerebral blood flow determination within the first 8 hours of cerebral infarction using stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Stroke 1989, 20: 754-760.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref_77","first-page":"361","article-title":"Positron emission tomography and its application to the study of cerebrovascular disease in man","volume":"1985","author":"Powers, W.J.; Raichle, M.E.","unstructured":"Powers, W.J. & Raichle, M.E. Positron emission tomography and its application to the study of cerebrovascular disease in man. Stroke 1985, 16: 361-376.","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/67\/785\/259\/50075438\/postgradmedj-67-259.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/67\/785\/259\/50075438\/postgradmedj-67-259.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T03:14:32Z","timestamp":1709867672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/67\/785\/259\/7061613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"785","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.67.785.259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1991,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]}}}