{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:04:37Z","timestamp":1758891877585},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"789","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,7,1]],"date-time":"1991-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":678326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We report two young men with gynaecomastia in whom the underlying causative metastatic germ cell malignancies were not diagnosed for prolonged time periods. Despite the fact that cancer is an uncommon cause of gynaecomastia, doctors should consider germ cell malignancy, even in the absence of testicular symptoms or signs, in previously healthy young men with recent gynaecomastia or other unusual symptoms or signs. Serum beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and other germ cell malignancy markers (alpha fetoprotein and lactic dehydrogenase) should always be assayed. If a testicular primary site is not clinically apparent, there should be early recourse to scrotal ultrasonography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.789.675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T21:01:03Z","timestamp":1230584463000},"page":"675-677","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Gynaecomastia and extragonadal symptoms leading to diagnosis delay of germ cell tumours in young men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"B M J","family":"Cantwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Radiotherapy Centre, Newcastle General Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P G G","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Radiotherapy Centre, Newcastle General Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Radiotherapy Centre, Newcastle General Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Germ cell tumours in men: diagnosis of these cancers is often delayed","volume":"1988","author":"Mead, G.M.","unstructured":"Mead, G.M. Germ cell tumours in men: diagnosis of these cancers is often delayed. Br Med J 1988, 297: 1283-1284.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"290","key":"ref_2","first-page":"1550","article-title":"Delay in diagnosing testicular tumours","volume":"1985","author":"Jones, W.G.; Appleyard, I.","unstructured":"Jones, W.G. & Appleyard, I. Delay in diagnosing testicular tumours. Br Med J 1985, 290: 1550.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8","article-title":"MRC Working Party on Testicular Tumours. Prognostic factors in advanced non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumours: results of a multicentre study","volume":"i:","unstructured":"MRC Working Party on Testicular Tumours. Prognostic factors in advanced non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumours: results of a multicentre study. Lancet 1985, i: 8-11.","journal-title":"Lancet 1985"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90075-4","article-title":"Back pain - a presentation of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours","volume":"i:","author":"Cantwell, B.M.J.; Mannix, K.A.; Harris, A.L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cantwell, B.M.J., Mannix, K.A. & Harris, A.L. Back pain - a presentation of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours. Lancet 1987, i: 262-264.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb04660.x","article-title":"Could vasectomy accelerate testicular cancer? The importance of prevasectomy examination","volume":"59","author":"Thornhill, J.A.; Butler, M.; Fitzpatrick, J.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thornhill, J.A., Butler, M. & Fitzpatrick, J.M. Could vasectomy accelerate testicular cancer? The importance of prevasectomy examination. Br J Urol 1987, 59: 367.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6721.370","article-title":"Does vasectomy accelerate testicular tumour? Importance of testicular examinations before and after vasectomy","volume":"300","author":"Cale, A.R.J.; Farouk, M.; Prescott, R.J.; Wallace, I.W.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cale, A.R.J., Farouk, M., Prescott, R.J. & Wallace, I.W.J. Does vasectomy accelerate testicular tumour? Importance of testicular examinations before and after vasectomy. Br MedJ 1990, 300: 370.","journal-title":"Br MedJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1980.248","article-title":"Chemotherapy of advanced malignant teratomas","volume":"42","author":"Newlands, E.S.; Begent, R.H.J.; Kaye, S.B.; Rustin, G.J.S.; Bagshawe, K.D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Newlands, E.S., Begent, R.H.J., Kaye, S.B., Rustin, G.J.S. & Bagshawe, K.D. Chemotherapy of advanced malignant teratomas. Br J Cancer 1980, 42: 378-384.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The pathogenesis of gynaecomastia","volume":"25","author":"Wilson, J.D.; Aiman, J.; Macdonald, P.C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wilson, J.D., Aiman, J. & Macdonald, P.C. The pathogenesis of gynaecomastia. Adv Intern Med 1980, 25: 1-32.","journal-title":"Adv Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.5.412","article-title":"Mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction in patients with testicular cancer","volume":"82","author":"Morrish, D.W.; Venner, P.M.; Siy, O.; Barron, G.; Bhardwaj, D.; Outhet, D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Morrish, D.W., Venner, P.M., Siy, O., Barron, G., Bhardwaj, D. & Outhet, D. Mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction in patients with testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990, 82: 412-418.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref_10","first-page":"549","article-title":"Impalpable testicular tumours diagnosed by ultrasonography","volume":"1988","author":"Csapo, Z.; Bornhof, C.; Giedl, J.","unstructured":"Csapo, Z., Bornhof, C. & Giedl, J. Impalpable testicular tumours diagnosed by ultrasonography. Urology 1988, 33: 549-552.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"297","article-title":"Importance of scrotal ultrasonography in gynaecomastia","volume":"1988","author":"Conway, G.S.; MacConnell, T.; Wells, G.; Slater, S.D.","unstructured":"Conway, G.S., MacConnell, T., Wells, G. & Slater, S.D. Importance of scrotal ultrasonography in gynaecomastia. 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