{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:11:13Z","timestamp":1775027473578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"841","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]],"date-time":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":815184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The plantar response is a reflex that involves not only the toes, but all muscles that shorten the leg. In the newborn the synergy is brisk, involving all flexor muscles of the leg; these include the toe \u2018extensors\u2019, which also shorten the leg on contraction and therefore are flexors in a physiological sense. As the nervous system matures and the pyramidal tract gains more control over spinal motoneurones the flexion synergy becomes less brisk, and the toe \u2018extensors\u2019 are no longer part of it. The toes then often go down instead of up, as a result of a segmental reflex involving the small foot muscles and the overlying skin, comparable to the abdominal reflexes. With lesions of the pyramidal system, structural or functional, this segmental, downward response of the toes disappears, the flexion synergy may become disinhibited and the extensor hallucis longus muscle is again recruited into the flexion reflex of the leg: the sign of Babinski. A true Babinski sign denotes dysfunction of the pyramidal tract, and should be clearly distinguished from upgoing toes that do not belong to the flexion synergy of the leg. Correct interpretation of the plantar response depends only to a minor degree on the method or site of stimulation of the foot. It is therefore most important to assess the response in the entire leg.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.71.841.645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T21:25:21Z","timestamp":1230585921000},"page":"645-648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Babinski reflex"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"J","family":"van Gijn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Neurology , Academisch Ziekenhuis, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.8.787","article-title":"Interpretation of plantar reflexes: biasing effects of other signs and symptoms","volume":"40","author":"J, Van Gijn; B, Bonke","year":"1977","unstructured":"Van Gijn J, Bonke B. Interpretation of plantar reflexes: biasing effects of other signs and symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 787-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.3.275","article-title":"Equivocal plantar responses: a clinical and electromyographic study","volume":"39","author":"J, Van Gijn","year":"1976","unstructured":"Van Gijn J. Equivocal plantar responses: a clinical and electromyographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 275-82.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(05)80003-4","article-title":"Teaching the plantar reflex","volume":"93","author":"Raijmakers, P.G.H.M.; Castro Cabezas, M.; Smal, J.A.; Van Gijn, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Raijmakers PGHM, Castro Cabezas M, Smal JA, Van Gijn J. Teaching the plantar reflex. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1991; 93: 201-4.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"265","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the Babinski and plantar grasp reflexes in infancy","volume":"94","author":"Dietrich, H.F.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Dietrich HF. A longitudinal study of the Babinski and plantar grasp reflexes in infancy. Am J Dis Child 1957; 94: 265-71.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.10.865","article-title":"The Babinski sign and the pyramidal syndrome","volume":"41","author":"J, Van Gijn","year":"1978","unstructured":"Van Gijn J. The Babinski sign and the pyramidal syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 865-73.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.2.180","article-title":"Babinski response: stimulus and effector","volume":"38","author":"J, Van Gijn","year":"1975","unstructured":"Van Gijn J. Babinski response: stimulus and effector.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38: 180-6.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90129-3","article-title":"The upgoing great toe - optimal method of elicitation","volume":"i:","author":"Dohrmann, G.J.; Nowack, W.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dohrmann GJ, Nowack WJ. The upgoing great toe - optimal method of elicitation. Lancet 1973; i: 339-41.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/37.2.269","article-title":"The physiological significance of the reflex phenomena in spastic paralysis of the lower limbs","volume":"37","author":"Walshe, F.M.R.","year":"1914","unstructured":"Walshe FMR. The physiological significance of the reflex phenomena in spastic paralysis of the lower limbs. Brain 1914; 37: 269-336.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1299","volume":"122","author":"J, Van Gijn; van Crevel H; voetzoolreflex, De","year":"1978","unstructured":"Van Gijn J, van Crevel H, De voetzoolreflex. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1978; 122: 1299-302.","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/71\/841\/645\/50219222\/postgradmedj-71-645.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/71\/841\/645\/50219222\/postgradmedj-71-645.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:32:41Z","timestamp":1683768761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/71\/841\/645\/7044079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"841","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.71.841.645","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]}}}