{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:34:33Z","timestamp":1759937673472},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"865","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]],"date-time":"1997-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":878342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The clinical features of acute chlorine gas inhalation, and its management are reviewed. Current medical views on the chronic effects of an acute overwhelming exposure on lung function (reactive airways dysfunction syndrome), and the more controversial field of lung disease secondary to repeated inhalations of lower concentrations of chlorine gas are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.73.865.697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]],"date-time":"2008-12-29T21:49:00Z","timestamp":1230587340000},"page":"697-700","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inhalation of chlorine gas"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"J G","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Halton Hospital , Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 2DA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/56.4.430","article-title":"Fatal chlorine poisoning; report of two cases with clinicopathological correlation","volume":"56","author":"Adelson, L.; Kaufman, J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Adelson L, Kaufman J. Fatal chlorine poisoning; report of two cases with clinicopathological correlation. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 56: 430-2.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_2","first-page":"857","article-title":"The later effects of gas poisoning","volume":"1922","author":"Sandall, T.E.","unstructured":"Sandall TE. The later effects of gas poisoning. Lancet 1922; 2: 857-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref_3","first-page":"571","article-title":"Permanent pulmonary effects of gas in warfare","volume":"1922","author":"Hankins, J.L.; Klotz, W.C.","unstructured":"Hankins JL, Klotz WC. Permanent pulmonary effects of gas in warfare. Am Rev Tuberc 1922; 6: 571-4.","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.3.376","article-title":"Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Brooks, S.M.; Weiss, M.A.; Bernstein, I.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. Chest 1985; 88: 376-84.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02993611","article-title":"Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) due to chlorine gas exposure","volume":"159","author":"Donnelly, S.C.; Fitzgerald, M.X.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Donnelly SC, Fitzgerald MX. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) due to chlorine gas exposure. Irish JMed Sci 1990; 159: 275-9.","journal-title":"Irish JMed Sci"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.3.855","article-title":"Chronic reactive airway disease following acute chlorine gas exposure in an asymptomatic atopic patient","volume":"100","author":"Moore, B.B.; Sherman, M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moore BB, Sherman M. Chronic reactive airway disease following acute chlorine gas exposure in an asymptomatic atopic patient. Chest 1991; 100: 855-6.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.6.8004329","article-title":"Persistent asthma after repeated exposure to high concentrations ofgases in pulp mills","volume":"149","author":"Chan-Yeung, M.; Lam, S.; Kennedy, S.M.; Frew, A.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chan-Yeung M, Lam S, Kennedy SM, Frew AJ. Persistent asthma after repeated exposure to high concentrations ofgases in pulp mills. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1676-80.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1983.10543984","article-title":"Resolution of pulmonary dysfunction following acute chlorine exposure","volume":"38","author":"Hasan, F.M.; Gehshan, A.; Fuleihan, F.J.D.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hasan FM, Gehshan A, Fuleihan FJD. Resolution of pulmonary dysfunction following acute chlorine exposure. Arch Environ Health 1983; 38: 76-80.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199306000-00013","article-title":"Home exposures to chlorine\/chloramine gas: a review of 216 cases","volume":"86","author":"Mvros, R.; Dean, B.S.; Krenzelock, E.P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mvros R, Dean BS, Krenzelock EP. Home exposures to chlorine\/chloramine gas: a review of 216 cases. South Med J 1993; 86: 654-7.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"773","article-title":"Short term morbidity following chlorine exposure","volume":"46","author":"Walker, N.; Williams, J.G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Walker N, Williams JG. Short term morbidity following chlorine exposure. Thorax 1991; 46: 773.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"489","article-title":"Acute chlorine poisoning - a study of 84 cases","volume":"38","author":"Ramachandran, K.A.; Chawla, I.S.; Khokhar, P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ramachandran KA, Chawla IS, Khokhar P. Acute chlorine poisoning - a study of 84 cases. 7 Assoc Physicians India 1990; 38: 489 - 90.","journal-title":"7 Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/39.4.131","article-title":"of fourteen victims with short term exposure to chlorine gas","volume":"39","author":"Abhyankar, A.; Bhambure, N.; Kamath, N.N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abhyankar A, Bhambure N, Kamath NN, et al. Six month follow up of fourteen victims with short term exposure to chlorine gas. J Soc Occupat Med 1989; 39: 131 - 2.","journal-title":"J Soc Occupat Med"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198201000-00007","article-title":"Pulmonary function changes after acute inhalation of chlorine gas","volume":"75","author":"Ploysongsang, Y.; Beach, B.C.; DiLisio, R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ploysongsang Y, Beach BC, DiLisio R. Pulmonary function changes after acute inhalation of chlorine gas. South Med J 1982; 75: 23-6.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1971.10665950","article-title":"Clinical, roentgenologic and physiologic effects of acute chlorine exposure","volume":"23","author":"Kaufman, J.; Burkons, D.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Burkons D. Clinical, roentgenologic and physiologic effects of acute chlorine exposure. Arch Environ Health 1971; 23: 29-34.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"99","key":"ref_15","first-page":"374","article-title":"Late evaluation of pulmonary function after exposure to chlorine gas","volume":"1969","author":"Weill, H.; George, R.; Schwarz, M.; Ziskind, M.","unstructured":"Weill H, George R, Schwarz M, Ziskind M. Late evaluation of pulmonary function after exposure to chlorine gas. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 374-9.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Lung function after acute chlorine exposure","volume":"134","author":"Jones, R.N.; Hughes, J.M.; Glindmeyer, H.; Weill, H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones RN, Hughes JM, Glindmeyer H, Weill H. Lung function after acute chlorine exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1190 - 5.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1967.10664791","article-title":"Effects of chlorine gas on pulmonary function","volume":"14","author":"Kowitz, F.A.; Reva, R.D.; Parker, R.T.; WS, Jr, Spicer","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kowitz FA, Reva RD, Parker RT, Spicer WS Jr. Effects of chlorine gas on pulmonary function. Arch Environ Health 1967; 14: 545 - 58.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.4.820","article-title":"The pulmonary sequelae associated with accidental inhalation of chlorine gas","volume":"97","author":"Schwartz, D.A.; Smith, D.D.; Lakshminarayan, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schwartz DA, Smith DD, Lakshminarayan S. The pulmonary sequelae associated with accidental inhalation of chlorine gas. Chest 1990; 97: 820-5.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Pathology of war gas poisoning","author":"Winternitz, M.C.","year":"1920","unstructured":"Winternitz MC. Pathology of war gas poisoning. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1920."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.72.2.247","article-title":"Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas","volume":"72","author":"Chester, E.H.; Kaimal, P.J.; Payne, C.B.; Kohn, P.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Chester EH, Kaimal PJ, Payne CB, Kohn PM. Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Chest 1977; 72: 247-50.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"749","article-title":"Lung health consequences of reported accidental chlorine gas exposures among pulpmill workers","volume":"143","author":"Kennedy, S.M.; Enarson, D.A.; Janssen, R.G.; ChanYeung, M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kennedy SM, Enarson DA, Janssen RG, ChanYeung M. Lung health consequences of reported accidental chlorine gas exposures among pulpmill workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 749.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"99","key":"ref_22","first-page":"365","article-title":"The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in chlorine gas workers","volume":"1969","author":"Chester, E.H.; Gillespie, D.G.; Krause, F.D.","unstructured":"Chester EH, Gillespie DG, Krause FD. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in chlorine gas workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 365-73.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700200107","article-title":"First aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences","volume":"20","author":"Salisbury, D.A.; Enarson, D.A.; Chan-Yeung, M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Salisbury DA, Enarson DA, Chan-Yeung M, et al. First aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences. Am J Indust Med 1991; 20: 71-81.","journal-title":"Am J Indust Med"},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"Acute chlorine gas exposure incidents among pulp mill workers","author":"Kennedy, S.M.; Enarson, D.A.; Dorken, E.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kennedy SM, Enarson DA, Dorken E, et al. Acute chlorine gas exposure incidents among pulp mill workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: A 81.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis; 141: A 81"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.63","article-title":"Accidental gassing incidents and the pulmonary function of pulp mill workers","volume":"148","author":"Henneberger, P.K.; Ferris, B.G.; Sheehe, R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Henneberger PK, Ferris BG, Sheehe R. Accidental gassing incidents and the pulmonary function of pulp mill workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 63-7.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.4.219","article-title":"Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill. I Exposure and symptomatology","volume":"51","author":"Courteau, J.-P.; Cushman, R.; Bouchard, F.; Quevillon, M.; Chartrand, A.; Bherer, L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Courteau J-P, Cushman R, Bouchard F, Quevillon M, Chartrand A, Bherer L. Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill. I Exposure and symptomatology. Occupat Environ Med 1994; 51: 219 - 24.","journal-title":"Occupat Environ Med"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.4.225","article-title":"Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill. II Follow up of affected workers by questionnaire, spirometry, and assessment of bronchial responsiveness 18 to 24 months after exposure ended","volume":"51","author":"Bherer, L.; Cushman, R.; Courteau, J.-P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bherer L, Cushman R, Courteau J-P, et al. Survey of construction workers repeatedly exposed to chlorine over a three to six month period in a pulpmill. II Follow up of affected workers by questionnaire, spirometry, and assessment of bronchial responsiveness 18 to 24 months after exposure ended. Occupat Environ Med 1994; 51: 225-8.","journal-title":"Occupat Environ Med"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/73\/865\/697\/50221123\/postgradmedj-73-697.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/73\/865\/697\/50221123\/postgradmedj-73-697.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T05:26:35Z","timestamp":1683869195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/73\/865\/697\/7059839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"865","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.73.865.697","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]}}}