{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:45:35Z","timestamp":1753922735379,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1174","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23NS105935-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23NS105935-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The rapid spread of arboviral infections in recent years has continually established arthropod-borne encephalitis to be a pressing global health concern. Causing a wide range of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant neurological disease, the hallmark features of arboviral infection are important to clinically recognise. Arboviral infections may cause severe neurological presentations such as meningoencephalitis, epilepsy, acute flaccid paralysis and stroke. While the pathogenesis of arboviral infections is still being investigated, shared neuroanatomical pathways among these viruses may give insight into future therapeutic targets. The shifting infection transmission patterns and evolving distribution of arboviral vectors are heavily influenced by global climate change and human environmental disruption, therefore it is of utmost importance to consider this potential aetiology when assessing patients with encephalitic presentations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj-2022-142002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T11:40:12Z","timestamp":1663674012000},"page":"826-833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Arthropod-borne encephalitis: an overview for the clinician and emerging considerations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Abhilasha Pankaj","family":"Boruah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , , New York, New York , USA"},{"name":"NewYork-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center , , New York, New York , USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0050-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran T","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , , New York, New York , USA"},{"name":"NewYork-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center , , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072515564373900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.063","article-title":"Arthropod neurons and nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Smarandache-Wellmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2012.03.002","article-title":"Human arboviral encephalitis","volume":"19","author":"Rust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R3","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Vector-Borne diseases: understanding the environmental, human health, and ecological connections","author":"Gubler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.011","article-title":"Arboviruses: a global public health threat","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.012","article-title":"North American encephalitic arboviruses","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R6","first-page":"19","volume-title":"The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology","author":"Calisher","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.052","article-title":"Protection of European domestic pigs from virulent African isolates of African swine fever virus by experimental immunisation","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"volume-title":"StatPearls","year":"2022","author":"Mangat","key":"2023072515564373900_R8"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.648","article-title":"Aedes triseriatus and La Crosse virus: similar venereal infection rates in females given the first bloodmeal immediately before mating or several days after mating","volume":"36","author":"Patrican","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070816","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00378-8","article-title":"The global emergence\/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems","volume":"33","author":"Gubler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1006","article-title":"Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease","volume":"2","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0562","article-title":"Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus","volume":"7","author":"Benedict","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02849.x","article-title":"Bunyaviruses and climate change","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.02.006","article-title":"The neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9234-7","article-title":"Arboviral encephalitides: transmission, emergence, and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Hollidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051130","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain","volume":"293","author":"Liou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1449","article-title":"Molecular differences between wild-type Japanese encephalitis virus strains of high and low mouse neuroinvasiveness","volume":"77 (Pt 7","author":"Ni","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01122-06","article-title":"Pathogenesis of West Nile virus infection: a balance between virulence, innate and adaptive immunity, and viral evasion","volume":"80","author":"Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0590-7","article-title":"Flavivirus NS1: a multifaceted enigmatic viral protein","volume":"13","author":"Rastogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90408-4","article-title":"Evidence that the mature form of the flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 is a dimer","volume":"162","author":"Winkler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0307","article-title":"Immunolocalization of the dengue virus nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 suggests a role in viral RNA replication","volume":"220","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00935-08","article-title":"Toll-Like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Daffis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7613","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00618-08","article-title":"Dysregulation of TLR3 impairs the innate immune response to West Nile virus in the elderly","volume":"82","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070603","article-title":"Role of NS1 and TLR3 in pathogenesis and immunity of WNV","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1197","article-title":"Mechanism of neuroinvasion of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the mouse","volume":"208","author":"Charles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62241-9","article-title":"Early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice","volume":"166","author":"Vogel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8292","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00599-15","article-title":"mRNA capping by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nsp1: functional characterization and implications for antiviral research","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11254","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.22.11254-11264.2002","article-title":"Roles of nonstructural protein NSP2 and alpha\/beta interferons in determining the outcome of Sindbis virus infection","volume":"76","author":"Frolova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00816","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00816-17","article-title":"Mutations in the E2 glycoprotein and the 3' untranslated region enhance Chikungunya virus virulence in mice","volume":"91","author":"Hawman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20191077","article-title":"Conformational changes in Chikungunya virus E2 protein upon heparan sulfate receptor binding explain mechanism of E2-E1 dissociation during viral entry","volume":"39","author":"Sahoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6302","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6302-631-.2002","article-title":"A single mutation in the E2 glycoprotein important for neurovirulence influences binding of Sindbis virus to neuroblastoma cells","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R34","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Schmaljohn","year":"2001","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.59.1.1-7.1986","article-title":"Virulence of La Crosse virus is under polygenic control","volume":"59","author":"Janssen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.04.012","article-title":"La Crosse virus (LACV) GC fusion peptide mutants have impaired growth and fusion phenotypes, but remain neurotoxic","volume":"404","author":"Soldan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030476","article-title":"Flavivirus encephalitis","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.10.001","article-title":"Systemic and intraocular manifestations of West Nile virus infection","volume":"50","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e642","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0498","article-title":"Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012","volume":"134","author":"Gaensbauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0443-5","article-title":"Encephalitic arboviruses: emergence, clinical presentation, and neuropathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Salimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001177","article-title":"Arbovirus infections of the nervous system: current trends and future threats","volume":"84","author":"Wasay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.769942","article-title":"Encephalitic arboviruses of Africa: emergence, clinical presentation and neuropathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.040991","article-title":"West Nile virus-associated flaccid paralysis","volume":"11","author":"Sejvar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01904-3","article-title":"Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections","volume":"17","author":"Cl\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000195890.70898.1f","article-title":"Csf findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis","volume":"66","author":"Tyler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01926","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01926-19","article-title":"Diagnostic approach for arboviral infections in the United States","volume":"58","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.137","article-title":"West Nile virus infection and serologic response among persons previously vaccinated against yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S336351","article-title":"Magnitude of antibody cross-reactivity in medically important mosquito-borne flaviviruses: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Endale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00334","article-title":"Cross-Reactive immunity among flaviviruses","volume":"11","author":"Rathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190020","article-title":"Neuroimaging of emergent and reemergent infections","volume":"39","author":"Carmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154143","article-title":"Predictors, neuroimaging characteristics and long-term outcome of severe European tick-borne encephalitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lenhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000917","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis and use of IV immunoglobulin therapy and high-dose steroids","volume":"8","author":"Wilcox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2016.0048","article-title":"Spectrum of findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with neurological manifestations of dengue fever","volume":"50","author":"Jugpal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5544","article-title":"Brain imaging in cases with positive serology for dengue with neurologic symptoms: a clinicoradiologic correlation","volume":"39","author":"Vanjare","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.1.114","article-title":"St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic","volume":"57","author":"Wasay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R56","first-page":"1281","article-title":"St. Louis encephalitis and the substantia nigra: MR imaging evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Cerna","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20160138","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of Chikungunya and Zika infections","volume":"74","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.04.008","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis","volume":"35","author":"Guarner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R59","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Powassan encephalitis: a case report with neuropathology and literature review","volume":"161","author":"Gholam","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"volume-title":"StatPearls","year":"2022","author":"Said","key":"2023072515564373900_R60"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63432-0.00007-4","article-title":"Neuropathology of autoimmune encephalitides","volume":"133","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03180.x","article-title":"Brain immunohistopathological study in a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis","volume":"18","author":"Camdessanch\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9684175","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis from infectious lymphocytic encephalitis by analysing the lymphocyte subsets of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R65","article-title":"A preliminary randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for Japanese encephalitis in Nepal [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136008. Kneen, Rachel [added]]","volume":"10","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.190537","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of High-Titered immunoglobulin in patients with West Nile virus central nervous system disease","volume":"25","author":"Gnann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.10.3606","article-title":"Protection of mice against Japanese encephalitis virus by passive administration with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"141","author":"Kimura-Kuroda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00147-07","article-title":"Defining limits of treatment with humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody for West Nile virus neurological infection in a hamster model","volume":"51","author":"Morrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02440-21","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies against NS1 protein protect against lethal West Nile virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Wessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.023","article-title":"The FDA-approved drug sofosbuvir inhibits Zika virus infection","volume":"137","author":"Bullard-Feibelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00185-7","article-title":"Interferon, ribavirin, 6-azauridine and glycyrrhizin: antiviral compounds active against pathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"58","author":"Crance","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.013","article-title":"Suramin inhibits Chikungunya virus replication through multiple mechanisms","volume":"121","author":"Albulescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006715","article-title":"The antiparasitic drug niclosamide inhibits dengue virus infection by interfering with endosomal acidification independent of mTOR","volume":"12","author":"Kao","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010108","article-title":"Antiviral compounds for blocking arboviral transmission in mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.021","article-title":"Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19 [published correction appears in Cell. 2020 Oct 29;183(3):837]","volume":"182","author":"Morens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"article-title":"Launch of the global arbovirus initiative","year":"2022","author":"WHO.int","key":"2023072515564373900_R76"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03412-12","article-title":"Alphavirus genome delivery occurs directly at the plasma membrane in a time- and temperature-dependent process","volume":"87","author":"Vancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0557","article-title":"Climate influences on the cost-effectiveness of vector-based interventions against malaria in elimination scenarios","volume":"370","author":"Parham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00848.x","article-title":"Modelling the effect of temperature on transmission of dengue","volume":"24","author":"Barbazan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.309","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"43","author":"Reisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP218","article-title":"An analysis of the potential impact of climate change on dengue transmission in the southeastern United States","volume":"125","author":"Butterworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1679-0","article-title":"The potential impacts of 21st century climatic and population changes on human exposure to the virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"146","author":"Monaghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2021.48","article-title":"Tackling the global health threat of arboviruses: an appraisal of the three holistic approaches to health","volume":"11","author":"Tajudeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.07.002","article-title":"Geographic expansion of dengue: the impact of international travel","volume":"92","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.03.003","article-title":"Urbanization and geographic expansion of zoonotic arboviral diseases: mechanisms and potential strategies for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"author":"World Health Organization","key":"2023072515564373900_R87","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis. World Health organization"},{"article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Australian government department of health","year":"2022","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","key":"2023072515564373900_R88"},{"author":"Williams","key":"2023072515564373900_R89","article-title":"Wet weather brings Japanese encephalitis to Australia. The scientist Magazine\u00ae"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R90","first-page":"993","article-title":"An outbreak of arboviral infection in a region with background malaria endemicity from northwestern Nigeria: an investigation report","volume":"38","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160818","article-title":"Resurgence of yellow fever in Angola, 2015-2016","volume":"22","author":"Grobbelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30513-8","article-title":"Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015-16: a modelling study [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Apr;19(4):e109]","volume":"17","author":"Kraemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023072515564373900_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.89","article-title":"A fatal yellow fever virus infection in China: description and lessons","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/99\/1174\/826\/50953033\/pmj-2022-142002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/99\/1174\/826\/50953033\/pmj-2022-142002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T16:15:49Z","timestamp":1690301749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/99\/1174\/826\/7148075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1174","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pmj-2022-142002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0032-5473"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-0756"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}}}