{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:12:59Z","timestamp":1791274379058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"901","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Apart from heredity, several early life environmental factors are implicated in the development of childhood asthma. Maternal smoking is believed to increase asthmatic symptoms but its influence on the development of allergen sensitisation is debatable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A whole population birth cohort was reviewed at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. Of 1218 children seen at 4 years, 981 (80.5%) were skin prick tested with a battery of common food and aeroallergens. Smoking history was recorded at birth and updated at each follow up and its impact on the development of asthma and allergen sensitisation in the children was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two hundred and fifty mothers smoked during pregnancy (20.5%) and 307 (25.2%) after childbirth. Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with low birth weight (mean (SD): 3.3 (0.5) v 3.5 (0.5) kg; p&amp;lt;0.001). Smoking mothers were more often from lower social classes (31.8% v 16%, p&amp;lt;0.001) and they breast fed their babies for a shorter duration (8.5 (11.4)v 16.6 (15.2) weeks; p&amp;lt;0.001). The difference in breast feeding duration was partly due to a higher proportion of smoking mothers who never breast fed their babies. Although at age 2 years asthmatic symptoms were associated with exposure to maternal tobacco smoke (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.4; p&amp;lt;0.001), this association was lost by 4 years. However, maternal smoking was a significant risk factor in a subgroup of children with asthmatic symptoms but negative skin prick test. Maternal smoking did not increase allergen sensitisation at age 4 years. No effect of paternal smoking on asthma was observed in the children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.901.694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1027766320000},"page":"694-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Influence of smoking on asthmatic symptoms and allergen sensitisation in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"S M","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary\u2019s Hospital , Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E A","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary\u2019s Hospital , Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary\u2019s Hospital , Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S H","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary\u2019s Hospital , Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042615314939300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00288.x","article-title":"Do parental smoking and history of allergy influence cord-serum IgE?","volume":"6","author":"Atici","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B2","first-page":"291","article-title":"Predictive value of cord serum IgE determination in the development of \u201cearly-onset\u201d atopy.","volume":"51","author":"Bousquet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9807104","article-title":"Predictors of repeated wheeze in the first year of life: the relative roles of cockroach, birth weight, acute lower respiratory illness, and maternal smoking.","volume":"160","author":"Gold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.5.1129","article-title":"The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on early infant lung function.","volume":"145","author":"Hanrahan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.3.9711057","article-title":"Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.","volume":"158","author":"Hoo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.1.21","article-title":"Increased incidence of asthma in children of smoking mothers.","volume":"89","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.4.496","article-title":"Enhanced allergic sensitization related to parental smoking.","volume":"67","author":"Ronchetti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91260-F","article-title":"Effect of allergen avoidance on development of allergic disorders in infancy.","volume":"339","author":"Arshad","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.43.2.125","article-title":"Environmental factors and symptoms in infants at high risk of allergy.","volume":"43","author":"Burr","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70074-9","article-title":"The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance.","volume":"95","author":"Zeiger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2023042615314939300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2.117","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. 5. 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