{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:43:51Z","timestamp":1780580631333,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"903","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Viral infection of the heart is relatively common and usually of little consequence. It can, however, lead to substantial cardiac damage and severe acute heart failure. It can also evolve into the progressive syndrome of chronic heart failure. Recent studies have gone some way towards unravelling the complex mechanisms underlying the heart muscle damage that occurs after viral infection. These studies have lent support to both immune and viral mediated (independent of an immune response) cardiac damage. Acute myocarditis can present in various ways, and it may be a cause of sudden death in an otherwise healthy young adult. New treatments for viral heart disease are awaited. In the meanwhile, the haemodynamic support of patients with acute left ventricular failure caused by myocarditis should be aggressive, to allow for the possibility of spontaneous recovery. Contemporary trials of treatment in chronic heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy support the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, \u03b2 adrenoceptor blockers, and spironolactone in such patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.903.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:40:22Z","timestamp":1027766422000},"page":"4-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: mechanisms, manifestations, and management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"M T","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London and Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London and Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London and Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A M","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, King\u2019s College London and Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital , London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042418251999800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706043162301","article-title":"Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONCENSUS).","volume":"316","author":"The Concensus Trial Study Group","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B2","first-page":"99","article-title":"An evaluation of the cost of heart failure to the National Health service in the UK.","volume":"6","author":"McMurray","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Med Econom"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B3","first-page":"655","article-title":"The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirteenth official report1996.","volume":"15","author":"Hosenpud","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B4","first-page":"1278","volume-title":"Diseases of the heart and blood vessels","author":"Wenger","year":"1982","edition":"5th"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391601","article-title":"Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients.","volume":"339","author":"Barbaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/8.suppl_J.129","article-title":"Viruses and myocardium: notes of a virologist.","volume":"8","author":"Eggers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023042418251999800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.8.1091","article-title":"From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death. 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