{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:08Z","timestamp":1760028548594},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"904","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]],"date-time":"2001-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":980985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Haemorrhage from oesophageal varices is a life threatening emergency with a mortality rate in the order of 30%\u201350%. In the last three decades there have been many advances in the treatment and prevention of variceal bleeding. Over recent years the introduction of new pharmaceutical agents that reduce portal pressure, endoscopic variceal ligation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and the availability of liver transplantation have further increased the therapeutic options available to the physician treating this disorder. This article reviews the literature regarding therapies available in the treatment of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices and provides guidelines to aid the physicians in clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.904.75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1027766320000},"page":"75-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modern management of oesophageal varices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"P J","family":"Gow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital , Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R W","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital , Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042418534408800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300235","article-title":"Endothelin-1 modulates intrahepatic resistance in a rat model of noncirrhotic portal hypertension.","volume":"30","author":"Kamath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B2","first-page":"G124","article-title":"Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide during hepatic injury and fibrogenesis.","volume":"273","author":"Rockey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B3","first-page":"788","article-title":"Brachial and femoral artery blood flow in cirrhosis: relationship to kidney dysfunction.","volume":"17","author":"Maroto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80123-0","article-title":"Aspects of the natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisone.","volume":"81","author":"Christensen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B5","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Natural history of cirrhosis [abstract].","volume":"13","author":"D'Amico","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.11.1298","article-title":"Incidence of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: application to prophylaxis of first bleeding.","volume":"31","author":"Cales","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices.","volume":"319","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90526-X","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of esophageal varices in primary biliary cirrhosis: development, natural history, and influence on survival.","volume":"96","author":"Gores","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage.","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018418","article-title":"Prognostic factors in upper GI bleeding.","volume":"18","author":"de Dombal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B11","first-page":"485","article-title":"Combined sclerotherapy and operation for the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices.","volume":"158","author":"Fugger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B12","first-page":"1815","article-title":"Survival after endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in cirrhotics.","volume":"89","author":"Graffeo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B13","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension. Relationship between bleeding varices and the portohepatic gradient.","volume":"69","author":"Viallet","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding.","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90311-0","article-title":"The natural history of esophageal varices.","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-1-59","article-title":"Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of nonsurgical treatment.","volume":"117","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(81)73224-3","article-title":"Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy.","volume":"27","author":"Beppu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529108996245","article-title":"Long-term effects of oral propranolol on splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices.","volume":"26","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710013171403","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices.","volume":"317","author":"Pascal","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080103","article-title":"Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: a prospective, randomized study.","volume":"8","author":"Ideo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80515-4","article-title":"Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized trial.","volume":"7","author":"Lebrec","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120624","article-title":"Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo.","volume":"12","author":"Andreani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130517","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of the first hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. The Boston-New Haven-Barcelona Portal Hypertension Study Group.","volume":"13","author":"Conn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140612","article-title":"Prophylaxis of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices by sclerotherapy, propranolol or both in cirrhotic patients: a randomized multicenter trial.","volume":"14","author":"The PROVA Study Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(89)90078-0","article-title":"Propranolol prevents first gastrointestinal bleeding in non-ascitic cirrhotic patients. Final report of a multicenter randomized trial. The Italian Multicenter Project for Propranolol in Prevention of Bleeding.","volume":"9","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01711928","article-title":"Primary prevention of hemorrhage of esophageal varices by beta-blockade\u2014generally indicated?","volume":"66","author":"Sieg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91668-Z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of value of propranolol in prevention of variceal haemorrhage.","volume":"336","author":"Hayes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242202","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials. Franco-Italian Multicenter Study Group.","volume":"324","author":"Poynard","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B29","first-page":"407A","article-title":"Propranolol for prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage (EVH): a lifetime commitment? [abstract].","volume":"12","author":"Grace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220145","article-title":"The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"22","author":"D'Amico","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5157(18)30664-0","article-title":"Prophylaxis for variceal hemorrhage.","volume":"2","author":"McCormick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01800.x","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleed: preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"14","author":"De","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90356-H","article-title":"Isosorbide-5-mononitrate versus propranolol in the prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis.","volume":"104","author":"Angelico","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05406-2","article-title":"Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis.","volume":"348","author":"Merkel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310210","article-title":"Long-term results of a clinical trial of nadolol with or without isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis.","volume":"31","author":"Merkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(68)90127-X","article-title":"A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. II. Survival analysis of the prophylactic operation.","volume":"115","author":"Jackson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-70-4-675","article-title":"A controlled study of the prophylactic portacaval shunt. A final report.","volume":"70","author":"Resnick","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197201000-00002","article-title":"Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis.","volume":"51","author":"Conn","year":"1972","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196506172722402","article-title":"Prophylactic portacaval anastamosis in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices.","volume":"272","author":"Conn","year":"1965","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90146-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study.","volume":"108","author":"Bernard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270504","article-title":"Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.","volume":"27","author":"Goulis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200107","article-title":"Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.","volume":"20","author":"Blaise","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B44","first-page":"62","article-title":"Peptic ulcer in patients with liver cirrhosis: a retrospective endoscopic and clinical study.","volume":"29","author":"Siringo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090219","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of injection sclerotherapy for active variceal bleeding.","volume":"9","author":"Westaby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B46","first-page":"823","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: a review.","volume":"82","author":"Schuman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100304","article-title":"Sucralfate for the prevention of early rebleeding following injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.","volume":"10","author":"Polson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis.","volume":"123","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206043262304","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices.","volume":"326","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250509","article-title":"Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices.","volume":"25","author":"Lo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B51","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic variceal injection sclerotherapy and ligation for the treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial.","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80248-6","article-title":"Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for esophageal varices: influence on gastropathy, gastric varices and variceal recurrence.","volume":"26","author":"Sarin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92708-5","article-title":"Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients.","volume":"346","author":"Levacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060121","article-title":"Terlipressin in bleeding esophageal varices: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study.","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198902000-00014","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin (glypressin) in the management of acute variceal bleeding.","volume":"11","author":"Freeman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529009095539","article-title":"Terlipressin (triglycyl-lysine vasopressin) controls acute bleeding oesophageal varices. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"25","author":"Soderlund","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B57","first-page":"131","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of triglycyl-vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhege.","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150609","article-title":"Terlipressin vs. somatostatin in bleeding esophageal varices: a controlled, double-blind study.","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8898643","article-title":"Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage. Variceal Bleeding Study Group.","volume":"111","author":"Feu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.4.526","article-title":"A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage.","volume":"41","author":"Jenkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308516","article-title":"Esophageal tamponade in the treatment of bleeding varices. A decadel progress report.","volume":"25","author":"Chojkier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01295649","article-title":"An 8-year prospective experience with balloon tamponade in emergency control of bleeding esophageal varices.","volume":"27","author":"Hunt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536031","article-title":"Efficacy of balloon tamponade in treatment of bleeding gastric and esophageal varices. Results in 151 consecutive episodes.","volume":"33","author":"Panes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540278","article-title":"Esophageal tamponade in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage.","volume":"34","author":"Haddock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906013202207","article-title":"Controversies in the management of bleeding esophageal varices (2).","volume":"320","author":"Terblanche","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.2.8475283","article-title":"Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the wallstent endoprosthesis: results in 100 patients.","volume":"187","author":"LaBerge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B67","first-page":"842","article-title":"Intrahepatic portasystemic shunt as a salvage treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhage caused by rupture of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.","volume":"25","author":"Azoulay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810922","article-title":"Emergency transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunting as salvage treatment for uncontrolled variceal bleeding.","volume":"81","author":"McCormick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8698192","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy.","volume":"111","author":"Sanyal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312223092502","article-title":"Controlled trial of propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis.","volume":"309","author":"Burroughs","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040301","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a final report.","volume":"4","author":"Lebrec","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060602","article-title":"Propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage: a controlled trial.","volume":"6","author":"Villeneuve","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B73","first-page":"41","article-title":"Controlled study of propranolol in the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients.","volume":"11","author":"Queuniet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090315","article-title":"Beta-blockade prevents recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in well-compensated patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.","volume":"9","author":"Colombo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1989.tb00370.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent esophageal varices bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.","volume":"9","author":"Sheen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91308-S","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. A controlled trial.","volume":"98","author":"Garden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90828-Y","article-title":"Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhotic patients: prospective controlled trial of propranolol and sclerotherapy.","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B78","first-page":"A10","article-title":"Propranolol et prevention des recidives de rupture de varice oesophagienne du cirrhotique.","volume":"18","author":"Cerbelaud","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B79","first-page":"851","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage in alcholic cirrhotic patients [abstract].","volume":"12","author":"Colman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91090-5","article-title":"Failure of repeated injection sclerotherapy to improve long-term survival after oesophageal variceal bleeding. A five-year prospective controlled clinical trial.","volume":"ii","author":"Terblanche","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B81","first-page":"899","article-title":"Comparison of three nonsurgical treatments for bleeding esophageal varices.","volume":"96","author":"O'Connor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160410","article-title":"Does elective sclerotherapy improve the efficacy of long-term propranolol for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with severe cirrhosis? A prospective multicenter, randomized trial.","volume":"16","author":"Ink","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92812-8","article-title":"Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation versus injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices.","volume":"342","author":"Gimson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00001","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.","volume":"119","author":"Laine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1004182","article-title":"prospective randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the elective treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.","volume":"29","author":"Baroncini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ligation plus low-volume sclerotherapy for high-risk esophageal varices: comparisons with ligation therapy or sclerotherapy alone.","volume":"33","author":"Masumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8608893","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus sclerotherapy in the elective treatment of variceal hemorrhage.","volume":"110","author":"Cabrera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-11-199706010-00002","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy compared with percutaneous transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after initial sclerotherapy in patients with acute variceal hemorrhage. A randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"126","author":"Cello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290125","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding after recent variceal hemorrhage.","volume":"29","author":"Garcia-Villarreal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197110000-00012","article-title":"A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. V. Survival analysis of the therapeutic operation.","volume":"174","author":"Jackson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32736-2","article-title":"A controlled study of the therapeutic portacaval shunt.","volume":"67","author":"Resnick","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92775-6","article-title":"A controlled study of therapeutic portacaval shunt in alcoholic cirrhosis.","volume":"i","author":"Rueff","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(79)90004-7","article-title":"Prospective comparative clinical trial with distal splenorenal and mesocaval shunts.","volume":"137","author":"Reichle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90502-5","article-title":"Further report of a prospective randomized trial comparing distal splenorenal shunt with end-to-side portacaval shunt. An analysis of encephalopathy, survival, and quality of life.","volume":"88","author":"Langer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80666-X","article-title":"Distal spleno-renal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. A meta-analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials.","volume":"16","author":"Spina","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199209000-00004","article-title":"Selective shunt in the management of variceal bleeding in the era of liver transplantation.","volume":"216","author":"Henderson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B97","first-page":"257","article-title":"Three decades of experience with emergency portacaval shunt for acutely bleeding esophageal varices in 400 unselected patients with cirrhosis of the liver.","volume":"180","author":"Orloff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199404000-00005","article-title":"Partial versus total portacaval shunt in alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.","volume":"219","author":"Sarfeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2023042418534408800_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-4-304","article-title":"Using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts to control variceal bleeding before liver transplantation.","volume":"116","author":"Ring","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/77\/904\/75\/50041988\/postgradmedj-77-75.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/77\/904\/75\/50041988\/postgradmedj-77-75.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T18:55:31Z","timestamp":1682362531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/77\/904\/75\/7039216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"904","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pmj.77.904.75","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-0756","0032-5473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]}}}