{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:15:01Z","timestamp":1782879301283,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"910","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite positive results in large scale chemoprevention trials, many physicians are unaware of the potential cancer preventive properties of drugs in common usage. The antioestrogen tamoxifen and the selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib have been licensed in the USA for the chemoprevention of breast and colorectal cancers respectively in selected high risk individuals. Similarly, folate and retinol have been shown to decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin respectively in large scale intervention trials. Other retinoids have proved efficacious in the tertiary chemoprevention of cancers of the breast and head\/neck. Epidemiological evidence also exists in favour of aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors preventing certain cancers. Phytochemicals may represent less toxic alternatives to these agents. Although some of these drugs are available without prescription and most are not yet licensed for use in cancer chemoprevention, physicians and students of medicine should be aware of this accumulating evidence base. Practitioners should be amenable to patient referral to discuss complex issues such as risk estimation or potential benefit from intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.910.492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1027766320000},"page":"492-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Familiar drugs may prevent cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"R A","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester LE1 5WW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Gescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K J","family":"O'Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester LE1 5WW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W P","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester LE1 5WW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042613272112900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7181.445","article-title":"Recent advances: oncology.","volume":"318","author":"Tattersall","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00009-7","article-title":"Tamoxifen: a personal retrospective.","volume":"1","author":"Jordan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B3","first-page":"2528","article-title":"Chemoprevention of cancer with retinoids.","volume":"38","author":"Sporn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00326-9","article-title":"Colorectal cancer chemoprevention: biochemical targets and clinical development of promising agents.","volume":"37","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1971.33","article-title":"A new anti-oestrogenic agent in late breast cancer.","volume":"25","author":"Cole","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90338-1","article-title":"Tamoxifen and contralateral breast cancer.","volume":"ii","author":"Cuzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B7","first-page":"219","article-title":"Etiology of cancer: hormonal factors.","volume-title":"Cancer: principles and practice of oncology.","author":"Henderson","year":"1997","edition":"5th Ed."},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B8","first-page":"3232","article-title":"Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer.","volume":"42","author":"Henderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.525","article-title":"Chemoprevention of cancer.","volume":"21","author":"Sporn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.18.1371","article-title":"Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study.","volume":"90","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.24.1879","article-title":"Projecting individualized probablities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually.","volume":"81","author":"Gail","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02677-5","article-title":"Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen for breast cancer.","volume":"356","author":"Bergman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11423-4","article-title":"Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials.","volume":"351","author":"Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.23.2189","article-title":"The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.","volume":"281","author":"Cummings","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","article-title":"Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopusal women.","volume":"280","author":"Hulley","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04394-3","article-title":"Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen.","volume":"352","author":"Veronesi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)85012-5","article-title":"Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention.","volume":"352","author":"Powles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7250.1642","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: a case-control study in a general practice research database.","volume":"320","author":"Langman","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-4-199408150-00001","article-title":"Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals.","volume":"121","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112053252301","article-title":"Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer.","volume":"325","author":"Thun","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690651","article-title":"Colorectal cancer prevention by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: effects of dosage and timing.","volume":"81","author":"Collet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820360944","article-title":"The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum.","volume":"36","author":"Muto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.23.10.835","article-title":"Polyps and cancer of the large bowel: a necropsy study in Liverpool.","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.9.1967","article-title":"Biology of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor.","volume":"18","author":"Goss","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305063281805","article-title":"Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis.","volume":"328","author":"Giardiello","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B26","first-page":"M68","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 and carcinogenesis.","volume":"1470","author":"Prescott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006293422603","article-title":"The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis.","volume":"342","author":"Steinbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B28","first-page":"81","article-title":"Are rofecoxib and celecoxib safer NSAIDs?","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Ther Bulletin"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1993.tb05689.x","article-title":"The gastrointestinal toxicity of aspirin\u2014an overview of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"35","author":"Roderick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200007000-00003","article-title":"Reduced incidence of colorectal adenoma among long-term users of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a pooled analysis of published studies and a new population-based study.","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.15.1152","article-title":"Suppression of human colorectal mucosal prostaglandins: determining the lowest effective aspirin dose.","volume":"89","author":"Ruffin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B32","first-page":"5575","article-title":"Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer.","volume":"52","author":"Marnett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.463","article-title":"Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer.","volume":"70","author":"Ferranoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.11.916","article-title":"Colorectal cancer: molecules and populations.","volume":"91","author":"Potter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(83)80115-6","article-title":"Hypomethylation of ras oncogenes in primary human cancers.","volume":"111","author":"Feinberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Comm"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B36","first-page":"4862","article-title":"A methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer.","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.12.2129","article-title":"A prospective study of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase gene polymorphisms, and risk of colorectal adenoma.","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-7-199810010-00002","article-title":"Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study.","volume":"129","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.7.1271","article-title":"Retinoids in chemoprevention and differentiation therapy.","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.2.567.567","article-title":"Use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia.","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B41","first-page":"949","article-title":"Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderate-risk subjects: a randomised double-blind controlled trial.","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199009203231205","article-title":"Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.","volume":"323","author":"Hong","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.7.1216","article-title":"Adjuvant treatment of stage I lung cancer with high-dose vitamin A.","volume":"11","author":"Pastorino","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.21.1847","article-title":"Randomised trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with early breast cancer.","volume":"91","author":"Veronesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03228-0","article-title":"Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against the risk of cancer?","volume":"352","author":"Lever","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332608","article-title":"Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis.","volume":"333","author":"Folkman","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10868","article-title":"The mechanisms of cancer mediated conversion of plasminogen to the angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin.","volume":"94","author":"Gately","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118838","article-title":"Captopril inhibits angiogenesis and slows the growth of experimental tumors in rats.","volume":"98","author":"Volpert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00392-2","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention by dietary constituents: a salutary tale of failure and promise.","volume-title":"Lancet Oncol","author":"Gescher","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B50","first-page":"558a","article-title":"Phase I chemoprevention clinical trial of curcumin (abstract).","volume-title":"Tumor Biology","author":"Cheng","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202980","article-title":"Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-kB activation via the NIK\/IKK signalling complex.","volume":"18","author":"Plummer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/23948","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of IkB kinase-\u03b2.","volume":"396","author":"Yin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B53","first-page":"259","article-title":"Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound.","volume":"55","author":"Rao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401744","article-title":"Curcumin is an in vivo inhibitor of angiogenesis.","volume":"4","author":"Arbiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240630705","article-title":"Strategy and planning for chemopreventive drug development: clinical development plans II.","volume":"26S","author":"Kelloff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00211-8","article-title":"Blocking and suppressing mechanisms of chemoprevention by dietary constituents.","volume":"112","author":"Manson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90186-I","article-title":"A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis.","volume":"61","author":"Fearon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B58","first-page":"2571","article-title":"Immunoprevention of cancer: is the time ripe?","volume":"60","author":"Forni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B59","first-page":"291","article-title":"Adducts to nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA as biomarkers in chemoprevention.","volume-title":"Principles of chemoprevention.","author":"De Flora","year":"1996"},{"key":"2023042613272112900_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680009301006","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention: a clinical reality.","volume":"93","author":"Sharma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/77\/910\/492\/50042513\/postgradmedj-77-492.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/77\/910\/492\/50042513\/postgradmedj-77-492.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T13:32:33Z","timestamp":1682515953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/77\/910\/492\/7039228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"910","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pmj.77.910.492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-0756","0032-5473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]}}}